Early
Pensacola Navy Yard in Letters and Documents
to the Secretary of the Navy and Board of Navy Commissioners 1826-1840
By John G. M. Sharp
At
USGenWeb Archives
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All Rights Reserved
Pensacola Bay, Gun Boat Wyandotte & Hospital
Harper's Weekly, June 22, 1861.
Note: Dr. Isaac Hulse and Commodore Wolcott Chauncey had a strained relationship. Several of their testy exchanges were forward to the Secretary of the Navy for resolution. Commodore Chauncey alleged Hulse without apparent authorization had hired a horse for the purpose of transporting himself from his quarters at the navy yard to the Naval Hospital, a distance of perhaps a couple of miles. Dr. Hulse justified the horse on the grounds that the hospital required some transportation in case of emergency. Hulse later stated it was his sole object "to prevent the Hospital ever being in want of a horse." To the chagrin of the Commodore, Dr. Hulse subsequently submitted his quarterly expense account to the Navy, which included the hire of the horse. The Commodore forwarded this to the Navy Department with a recommendation that the expense for the horse be disallowed. Dr. Hulse’s rental action though was later vindicated, when Secretary of the Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, sided with him in the affair.56
56 Longwood Central School District Dr. Isaac Hulse http://longwood.k12.ny.us/community/longwood_journey/information/biographies/coram_biographies/hulse__isaac_dr
27th September 1834
US Navy Yard PensacolaSir, Agreeable to the request of Doctr. Hulse, Hospital Surgeon of this station I enclose the papers marked "Hospital" – It will be necessary to trouble the Secretary with a few remarks on the subject-
On my assuming the command of this Navy Yard I found the Board fences enclosing it very much out of repair, and entirely gone for some distances at each end on the beach shores - The two gates East & West left open day and night & much out of order – I had the fence & gates repaired and fitted with locks- On the 16th instance I addressed a letter to Master Commandt Lattimer, a copy of which is enclosed giving him directions for the opening and shutting the gates of the Yard – On the 18th instance the day that Dr. Hulse complains of the great grievance of being obligated to look for the overseer of the Yard to open the gate, was the first of carrying the order into execution. The locks had been fitted and the large western gate locked for a short time but the small western gate left unlatched had the Doctr started for the Hospital at an earlier hour, as was his duty to have done, he would have found no difficulty in getting out - The intention of the order was to have the gates closed during the day but not locked until 9 in the Evening – heretofore in consequence of their having left open day & night the yard was a thorough fare for persons at all times with carts or on horseback, the cattle, the Hogs &c belonging to people in the neighborhoods frequently in the Yards destroyed the live oak trees planted in it, & eating up the vegetation that had been cultivated with much care on these barren sands-
If Doctr Hulse finds it so difficult to obey orders regulating the yard because they do not exactly suit his conscience and cannot conquer a disposition to criticize the orders of his commanding officer I am surprised that he continues to live in the House of one of the Lieutenants of the yard for he is allowed $ 200 per annum for House rent, could easily procure a House outside the Yard if he wished – He has been permitted to rent a house at $ 6 per month, paid by the government and kept in the stable of the Yard at the Public expense, in short he has been very much indulged - Since he has been in my Command, I have taken great pains to give him every facility at the Hospital, especially since the appearance of the fever; the forces in the Yard have been employed there to the neglect of other duty- I shall pursue the steady course towards him, notwithstanding his recent conduct of insubordination.
I think the Doctr makes something more on the subject of visiting the Hospital at night than it deserves; I do not think that he has been there often, if ever at night after 9 o’clock, and if it should be necessary for him to go or return after that hour on his making the proper application he will find no difficulty to get out or in the Yard or should he remain away altogether, I do not think it very important, or that the Sick suffer in the care of the Asst Hospital Surgeon Doctor Wessel, who constantly resides within the Hospital and whom I think fully competent to the charges and certainly the equal of Doctor Hulse in every respect –
I do not (even if it was possible) wish to injure Dr Hulse in the opinion of the Honorable Secretary of the Navy but unless the Department support me in the execution of my duties as Commandant of this Navy Yard & Station, this act of insubordination will inevitably lead to others, as I daily see on the part of other persons, a disposition to the same tendency - When entrusted with commands, it been my great ambition to obey with promptness all orders from the Navy Department or others above me in authority and to require with exactness, but with justice obedience to the Rules & Regulations of the Navy from those I command – In the Command that I have the honor of now holding I have gently but firmly enforced the Rules & Regulations of the Commd of the Navy or the Navy Commissioners – In pursuing this course I expected to render myself unpopular with them that had been indulged, and will then expect that I would [illegible] and delegate my authority to them so that they might be enabled to manage as they wished. Should the Honble the Secretary approve of the manner of my conducting the various duties that devolve on me as Commander of this Navy Yard & Station I shall give myself no concern for the opinion of others, whether in or out of the service – And now Sir, permit me to apologize for the great length of this letter, which has been called for in support of the discipline of the Yard and course pursued by other - I have the honor to Sir, Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. Wolcott Chauncey
To: the Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the NavyEnclosure:
US Navy Yard Pensacola
Sept. 18th 1834Sir, As I passed the Arcade this morning I observed an order requiring the Large Gates of the Yard to be kept closed during the day except for the accommodation of persons living within or employed in the Yard. Captain Latimer being present I enquired how we were to pass when duty required attention He replied the keys were kept by Thomas Commyns. Soon after I proceed to the gate on horseback for the purpose of visiting the hospital, not thinking that it was kept locked during the day. I found it locked however, and then went up to the Coffer Dam to look for Mr. Commyns as I understood he was employed there as overseer of the Negros – I was informed he had gone home and lived outside the Yard – To get out of the Yard, to me was impossible on horseback, and my health was too feeble to permit me to go in search of him on foot. So I abandoned my visit to the Hospital for the time. I would respectfully remark that the regulation seems to impede that for intercourse with the Hospital which is indispensable for the Surgeon to have; and when once outside the Yard it bars his return. At night all the gates being closed from nine o’clock till gun – five, it cuts off all intercourse whatever between me and the institution. It would be my choice sir, to reside near the institution where I have constant business and where the whole of my attention is occupied but if this is rendered impossible by circumstances, I have to request that you will make my intercourse with it as easy as may be consistent with such regulation as you may deem essential to the public interest.
I have the honor to be Sir; respectfully your obt Servant signed Isaac HullTo: Commodore Wolcott Chauncey Commd the US Navy Yard Pensacola
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Navy Yard Pensacola 27th Sept 1834
To the Commissioners of the Navy
Gentlemen, I enclose a bill presented for my approval, the only thing I know respecting the horse is that shortly after I assumed the command of the Yard and Station, Dr. Hulse the Hospital Surgeon mentioned to me that from the time the Hospital had been out at Cantonment Clinch a few miles from the Navy Yard, that the horse he then rode had been kept in the Stable, and fed at the Public expense. I replied that he could continue to do so for the present but was not informed that it was a hired horse or I should not have given permission. Lieutenants of the Yard, and he can, whenever he wants to visit the Hospital by making a proper application, be furnished with a mule, the mode of conveyance made use of by myself and others when visiting the Hospital on duty. A mule and cart has been entirely at his disposal for a long time past. As this was an act of my predecessor in command I shall not approve any bill for horse hire, but suffer the horse to be fed until I am further instructed. I am gentlemen Very respectfully your obedient servant Wolcott Chauncey .Obverse: "A Hospital matter belongs to the Medical Branch."
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 12 Oct. 1834
Sir, On the 22nd ulto Doctor Hulse Hospt Surgeon, discharged from the Hospital as cured Thos Wilson O.S. and Thos McKean Marine (Who had been in the Hospital since 27 July ) belonging to the Ship Falmouth. On the 8th inst A few days after Doctor Wessel went on duty on board the Falmouth, he (Dr. Wessel) sent these men back to the hospital; before I approved the sick ticket, I sent for Doctor Hulse to enquire respecting this singular inconsistency, as Doctor Wessel had been assistant in the Hospital during the treatment, cure, & discharge of these men, and is supposed to have coincided in opinion with Doctor Hulse, that these men were sufficiently recovered to be discharged as cured, yet within a few days, for some motive unknown to me, he sends them back to the Hospital – I shall order a survey on the men, and recommend to the Secretary to have them discharged from the service, as useless. They have remained a long time in the hospital & would if left to themselves and the Doctors remain until the time of their enlistment had expired, then demand their discharge, spend their money and again reenter into the service get sent to a Hospital and live at the Public Expense in idleness – with these men was sent to the hospital Thomas Edgar, an old case of venereal, he had been shipped at Pensacola a short time past, his object in Shipping was evidently to be sent to the Hospital, he has succeeded, was worthless when he shipped, and will remain so as long as he is in service. His advance ought to be charged to the officers who shipped and examined him, and he discharged from the Hospital and Naval Service-
The evening before the Falmouth sailed Passed Midshipman Mull was sent to the hospital on a sick ticket signed by Doctor Wessel, for a time he received his answer from the Secretary of his application to be attached to this yard, he has been doing duty on board the Falmouth apparently as well as any other officer – You perceive by the enclosed copy of a letter from Doctor Hulse that he wishes to discharge Mr. Mull as not [sick?] I think this transaction deserves the notice of the Honorable Secretary – I do not require the services of Mr. Mull in the Navy Yard and if Doctor Hulse discharges him as not sick or cured I shall let him remain at the Hospital until I receive further orders from the Secretary respecting him – He may be of some service at the Hospital in overlooking the persons employed there - I have the honor to be Sir, your obedient Servant Wolcott Chauncey -To Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
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US Navy Yard Pensacola 12 Oct 1834
Sir, I understand that assistant Surgeon Frederick Wessel is extremely dissatisfied in being ordered to the Sloop of War Falmouth; he has no just reason to complain.57 The Ship could not go to sea without a Surgeon, and rather than she should be compelled to remain in port a month longer, (she having been nearly three months) in order to have a Surgeon appointed by the Department, I thought proper to order assistant Surgeon Wessel to her, he being the only one attached to the Station – The assistant Surgeon for the schooner's Transfer58 & Experiment, had been left as such by Commodore Henley [Commodore John D. Henley of the West India Squadron] and I did not feel authorized to detach either of these officers, if well enough for their situations and leave one of the schooners without a Surgeon.59 Doctor Wessel was easily spared from the Hospital as it only made it a little more inconvenient to Doctor Hulse, who is required to sleep in the Hospital (visiting his family at pleasure) a few nights until an assistant that may be expected, should arrive or until the fever cases (which are very slight) have recovered -
If Doctor Hulse considers it so very hard to sleep apart from his wife and family a few nights, in case of duty, humanity & emergency what will be his sufferings when he is ordered to sea? And compelled to be separated two or three years from his wife- If he intends to remain in the service I think a long cruise at Sea will make him acquainted with a most significant truth that an officer to do his duty well; should learn to dispense with his personal comforts without a murmur whenever his Public duties require it of him. I have associated Doctor Hulse & Wessel together in this letter, knowing that they have cooperated with each other in their murmurs & expressions of dissatisfaction here, and believe that they have one or both made complaints to the Honorable Secretary of the Navy I most respectfully suggest that whenever the Secretary deems that the time has arrived to relieve Doctor Hulse as Hospital Surgeon on this Station that a Surgeon who has been longer at and is better acquainted with the usage of the service be ordered to duty – I have the honor to be Sir, very respectfully Your Obedient Servant Wolcott ChaunceyTo Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
57 The USS Falmouth was launched on 3 November 1827 by Boston Navy Yard, and declared ready for sea 19 January 1828; she carried 18 guns and was primarily used for escort duty. Between 1828 and 1840, Falmouth made two cruises with the West Indies Squadron and two with the Pacific Squadron. Between cruises, she was in ordinary for repairs and refittings at either New York or Norfolk Navy Yard. She was decommissioned in 1858 and was sold in October 1863.
58 USS Experiment was built in 1831 by the Washington Navy Yard. Until the middle of 1833, Experiment cruised the Atlantic coast between Boston, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina. After repairs at Norfolk, she sailed for the West Indies, returning to New York in June 1835. During the remaining three years of her cruising service, she was often used for surveying. From 1839 to 1848, when she was sold, she was in commission as a receiving ship at Philadelphia.
59 Commodore John Dandridge Henley was born 23 May 1781 at Williamsburg Virginia. Henley was commissioned Midshipman 14 October 1799. During offensive operations against Tripoli in 1804, he served in Gunboat No. 6, commanded by Lt. John Trippe. In a stirring attack 3 August against a larger enemy warship, the two officers with only nine other men boarded and took the enemy ship in hand-to-hand fighting, although out-numbered three to one. Midshipman Henley also took part in several other attacks in the months that followed as Commodore Treble's squadron carried out aggressive and successful operations against the Tripolitan pirates that made them ready to end their aggression. Later in his career, during the war of 1812, Henley commanded schooner Carolina during the Battle of New Orleans. Henley contributed importantly to the large role the small squadron played in this last great victory of the war. Rising to the rank of Captain 5 March 1817, John D. Henley continued to serve with distinction until 23 May 1835 when he died on board Vandalia at Havana, Cuba.
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US Navy Yard Pensacola 19th Oct 1834
Sir, With great regret I report the death of Lieut. August R. Strong of the Navy, who expired at the Hospital on the evening of the 18th instant of Yellow fever, after an illness of four days and a half.60 He had been 1st Lieut. of the Schr Experiment, was considered as an excellent officer and a very correct man – He has been buried this day with the usual honors and respect due to his rank and merit – The weather has become much cooler and the fever is fast disappearing, both at the Yard & Hospital, and in the town of Pensacola – In another week I think we shall be entirely clear of it – I have the honor to Sir, Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. Wolcott Chauncey.
To the Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
60 Lt. Augustus R. Strong USN. Lt. Strong entered on duty 20 June 1823 and became a passed Midshipman, 23 March, 1829 and Lieutenant, 21 June 1832. Lt. Strong died of yellow fever 18 October 1834. His body was later moved and reburied in Spring Grove Cemetery Cincinnati Ohio.
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Note: In the 1830’s travel expenses for officers and federal employees were mostly payed after the individual arrived at the new post. The process of reimbursement to a new duty post as Dr. Spotswood found to his dismay for official travel could and often did take months.
Navy Department Oct 25th 1834
Sir, I regret exceedingly that I am compelled to trouble you again, respecting my orders to Pensacola. In consequence of Mr. Kendall’s failure in giving me assessment for more than the sum of thirty dollars per month I have found it impossible to obtain the amount to defray my expenses, I therefore sir (since it is not your power to advance the necessary funds) respectfully request your permission to refer the matter to the President of the U.S. States. I must also be allowed to state, if any officer has claims for indulgence on the Department I can with truth make this assertion as respects myself, and to be deprived of the justification of going to a Station merely because my own private funds are incompetent to defray the expenses, is indeed truly mortifying; I have been informed that the President has on several occasions and without hesitation directed advances to be made to officers in full. my situation I hope Sir you will do me the favor of attending to with all promptness that circumstances will admit. Very respectfully Sir your OBS W. Spotswood
To the Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
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Note: In August 1834, the sloop USS Grampus after months of patrolling the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico arrived in Pensacola harbor. During her time in the Gulf her crew was exposed to a variety of tropical illnesses including yellow fever. Thirty Nine Grampus sailors had contacted the disease and were placed in the navy yard hospital.61 In all before the disease had run its course seventy-eight sailors came down with fever which resulted in a numerous deaths. The number of sick patients quickly overwhelmed the available space and severely tested the hospital’s limited medical facilities.
61 Thomas Hulse "Military Slave Rentals, the Construction of Army Fortifications, and the Navy Yard in Pensacola, Florida, 1824–1863," Florida Historical Quarterly, 88 (Spring 2010), 508, also see Matthew J. Clavin, Aiming for Pensacola Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers (Harvard University Press: Cambridge 2015), 81
28h Oct 1834
US Navy Yard PensacolaSir, The officers and men belonging to the Schr Grampus have been discharged from the Hospital except one officer and five men – Many left the Hospital debilitated from the effects of fever – I had them comfortably lodged in the Navy Yard, and as such as could work have been of great service in pumping on the Coffer Dam of the Wharf. (We have great difficulty in keeping the water below the mason works)-
The repairs in replacing the ceiling and caulking of the Grampus will be finished in the course of the week. I shall then order the officers & crew to live on board, and replace everything as it was, previous to the appearance of the fever. Next week, I expect to report the Grampus as ready for sea - She is much in want of an Assistant Surgeon.
Enclosed is the Hospital Surgeon report for last week - those marked X, I recommend to be discharged from the service; if they are permitted to remain, they will be a tax without preforming any duty. I also enclose Doctr Bache sick report for this day and the discharge of two seamen belonging to Ordinary of this Yard, as there is little or no prospect of their being of any use –62 The men marked as above desire their discharges- I have the honor to Sir, Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. Wocott Chauncey.To the Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
62 Benjamin F. Bache Surgeon USN. Dr. Bache was born 7 February 1801 in Monticello, Virginia, and entered on duty in the US Navy as Surgeon’s Mate, 9 July 1824. He was promoted to Surgeon, 3 January 1828. He retired, 7 February 1863. Medical Director, Retired List, 3 March 1871. He died 2 November 1881. Dr. Bache was an 1823 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania's medical school. During the Civil War he helped reorganize the United States Navy medical department, often in the face of fierce opposition to his reforms. He was the son of William Bache, and the great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He died in Brooklyn, New York, 2 February 1881 and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn N.Y Source Philadelphia Inquirer March 11, 1881, 1
Benjamin F. Bache Surgeon USN* * * * * * * * * *
Note Commodore Chauncey suspended Dr. McLeod from duty for releasing prisoners of the Marine Guard. Dr. McLeod was concerned that the men who were ill and imprisoned should be in the hospital. The Secretary of the Navy ordered McLeod returned to duty on 8 May 1835.
US Navy Yard Pensacola 5th Nov 1834
Sir, I am requested to forward the enclosed papers by Assistant Surgeon D.C. Mc Leod.63 I perceive that the Assistant Surgeon complains of the Marine Guard House - the building is small, but comfortable enough for the purpose it was intended, has been used some years as a place of confinement without producing any other than beneficial effects. To its inmates, it is probable that if the Assistant Surgeon continues in service, and has his share of sea duty, that his nerves will be sufficiently strengthened to bear ever worse effluvia and more confined air then a visit to the Marine Guard House produces; and without complaining of any shock which his nerves may receive. Capt. Linton commanding the detachment of the Marine Guard attached to this Navy Yard appears to be very particular in cleaning of the Marine quarters of the Guard room-
63 Daniel Clark McLeod, Surgeon USN. Born New York 11 April 1810 and entered the navy as Assistant Surgeon, 8 February, 1832. He was promoted to Surgeon, 23 July, 1841. Dr. McLeon died 1 September, 1852; his death was reportedly by suicide, while he stationed at the Pensacola Navy Hospital. He is buried at Rose Hill cemetery Macon, Bibb County Georgia Source Boston Herald 15 September 1852, 2
In that part of the Assistant Surgeons letter relating to Surgeon Hulse being the only medical officer on duty for some time, the assistant surgeon has forgot or omitted to say that Doctr. Coulton has been for some time sufficiently recovered to attend to duty in the Hospital and that Doctor Bache has only been sick for a few days - As for the Assistant Surgeon being prohibited from visiting Pensacola, I have to observe that in cases of suspension or arrest, persons are generally confined to a vessel, Navy Yard, Hospital or quarters to which they belong - I gave the Assistant Surgeon permission to leave the Hospital and visit the yard whenever he pleased. As for the sickness of Lt. White and his clerk this first I have heard that either has been complaining for the last four months of the gout. He was offered excellent quarters accommodations in the Hospital which he declined and requested a Surgeon to tend him in the town of Pensacola which cannot be complied with. It is far from my wish or intention to say anything that would tend to the injury of Assistant Surgeon McLeod but at this time I wish him to be full sensible of the time propriety of his conduct in violating the rules and regulations and of the marked disrespect which he has shew to me as his Commanding officer. I have the honor to Sir, Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. Wolcott Chauncey.
To the Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
Enclosure: US Naval Hospital near Pensacola Oct 17th 1834Sir
In obedience to your order to make to you a statement of my reasons for requesting that two sick men confined in the guard house and under my care should be permitted to go to their quarters until recovered I submit the following
1st I conceive that the exceedingly close confinement of the guard house is calculated to retard the recovery if not aggravated the disease of the persons there confined; and with this view I requested the Sergeant to permit the sick to go to their quarters
2nd I knew of no order which prohibited me from making this request of the Sergeant of the Marines, and consequently meant neither disrespect to any person nor disobedience of any orders I am Sir respectfully your obt. Servt. D.C. McLeod Assistant SurgeonTo: Commodore Wocott Chauncey Commandant Pensacola Navy Yard
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US Naval Hospital near Pensacola November 8th 1834
Sir, owing to the exposed situation of the Navy Yard to which I was ordered, I respectfully request if it be consistent with your views that I may be permitted to perform duty at the Hospital during the approaching winter season of the Yard. The gentleman who has been ordered to relieve me here, and who has not yet arrive will doubtless be better qualified from his good health to meet the exposures of the yard. I am Sir respectfully your obt. Servt. D.C. McLeod Assistant Surgeon
To: Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy* * * * * * * * * *
US Navy Yard Pensacola 20th Nov 1834Sir, I have ordered passed Midshipman Thomas A. Mull to the Schr Grampus, she being the first vessel that sails from this port. Midshipman Thomas Taylor having been discharged from the Hospital and having no use for his services. He being desirous of having sea duty to qualify him for an examination next Spring I have ordered him to the Schooner Grampus. Surgeon Henry S. Coulton and Midshipman G. Grant having recovered their health and discharged from the Hospital I have ordered them returned to their duty on board the Sloop Falmouth. I am happy to inform the Secretary that we have but a few patients in the Hospital and they in a convalescent state, and that the persons attached to, and employed at this Navy Yard are in good health. No new cases of sickness reported from the Sloop Falmouth - I have the honor to Sir, Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. Walcott Chauncey.
To: The Honorable Mahlon Dickerson, Secretary of the Navy
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Navy Commissioners Office 22 November 1834
Sir, Your letter of the 5th instant has been received. The Board regrets the difficulty which exists in procuring laborer, but trust that your exertions may command sufficient for completing the Wharf, and those other objects which are most important. The Board, after verbal communication with the Secretary, do not feel authorized to adopt your suggestions of enlisting emigrants; they have increased the Ordinary of the Yard under your Command to twenty seamen and ten ordinary seamen, and at their request, the Secretary has provided to the Commander of the West India Squadron to transfer to you, this number of strong, able-bodied men for that purpose. There is no proper Steam Engine at the Command of the Board, and so much time would elapse before one could be put into operation, that it is hoped the Wharf may be out of danger before it could be ready.
The Board is aware of the difficulties with which you have to contend in this work, and make due alowances for them. I am Sir very respectfully your Obedient Servant. John RodgersTo Commodore Wolcott Chauncey
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Pensacola Navy Yard Nov. 22d 1834
Sir, Having addressed an application to the Hon. Secretary of the Navy for a leave of absence upwards of a month and not having yet received any answer from him, I take the liberty of respectfully soliciting your interest in my behalf, and that you will please forward my wishes on a subject, which I have near at heart. It is now Sir three years and five months since I entered the navy and out of that this time I have only had three months absence, besides sir, several years have lapsed since I have seen my father and as I wish very much to visit him a leave of absence would be very agreeable at this time. Hoping Sir that what I said will have due consideration. I am Sir Very respectfully your obedient Servant Henry Skipwith Mid64To: Wolcott Chauncey Esq.
64 Henry Skipwith, Midshipman, 25 June 1831. Resigned 6 April 1838.
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 30th Nov. 1834
Sir, I enclose a letter from Surgeon B. F. Bache. This officer has attended to his duties when very unwell & I think that his removal from this station, will be greatly for the improvement of his health – Doctor Bache is a very valuable medical officer, skillful and correct in his conduct - I am loth to part with him but hope that it will be for his benefit and that the Secretary will order one in his place of equal experience. I have the honor to Sir, Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. Wocott Chauncey
To: the Honorable Mahlon Dickerson, Secretary of the Navy.
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Navy Yard Pensacola Dec 3d 1834
Sir, Agreeable to the request of Hospital Surgeon Isaac Hulse, I enclose a letter addressed to the Hon, the Secretary of the Navy I also enclose copies of a letter from Doctr Hulse to the Commissioners of the Navy and their answer from receiving the letter. I directed Doctr Hulse to remove his horse from the Public Stable as it then appeared the horse was owned by himself. He sold it with saddle and bridle to the Purser of the Yard. I ordered a good mule with saddle and bridle to be furnished Doctr Hulse – whenever he wished to visit the Hospital as I took one myself and other officers used, whenever duty required it. The Doctr’s walking to the Hospital is his own choice and I apprehend no danger that will result to him riding a mule (the usual mode of conveyance in this country) and as it regards the saddle and bridle it is true that I have seen some that have more claims to elegance, but for ease and use I should want no better for daily service, or a long journey. I think it probable that the Doctor is the only one who entertains the belief that his duties have been, or are now as arduous as to affect his health. The subject is most respectfully submitted with the expression of my regret that Doctr Hulse finds it necessary to trouble the Secretary so often with his complaint. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully, Sir Your Obedient Servt Wocott Chauncey
To: Hon Secretary of the Navy M. Dickerson
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U.S. Naval Hospital near Pensacola December 3rd 1834
Sir, I have the honor to inform you that Governor Eaton and family arrived in this harbor on board the Revenue Cutter Decatur on the 1st and visited this Navy Yard. He was received with the honors due to his rank. He will leave for St. Marks, the first favorable winds. The French Corvette Nayade, Captain Tournier came into Port on the 1st inst, and anchored off ther town of Pensacola. She is last from Havana. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt. Wolcott Chauncey
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U.S. Naval Hospital near Pensacola December 18th 1834
Sir, I have had the honor to receive your order of the 28th ultimo directing me to continue on duty at this hospital I have also had the honor to receive from Commodore Wolcott Chauncy of the 15th instant accompanying and directing me to consider myself suspended until further orders from him. From the length of time that I have been suspended (since the 17th of October last) I conceive it to be my duty to invite your special attention to the recurrence which caused my suspensions that may either receive further punishment, if I deserve it or to be released from my present unpleasant condition. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully, Sir Your Obedient Servt D.C. McLeod Assistant SurgeonTo: Hon Secretary of the Navy M. Dickerson
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 21st December 1834
Sir, I have the honor to enclose letters from Assistant Surgeon Spotswood and McLeod. As it regards Assistant Surgeon McLeod, if he had expressed regret for his act insubordination, I should have requested the Secretary to permit him return to duty. I respectfully refer to former letters on the subject. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully, Sir Your Obedient Servt Wolcott Chauncey65
To: Hon Secretary of the Navy M. Dickerson
65 W. A. W. Spotswood, Surgeon's Mate, 2 December 1828. Surgeon, 20 February 1838. Resigned 12 January 1861.
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 24th December 1834
Sir, Major Zantzinger U.S.A. [Richard Arthur Zantzinger] having stated to me that he was ordered to proceed to Tampa Bay, East Florida, with the detachment of men under his command, was without ammunition or ordinance stores necessary to carry his orders into execution, that there was no immediate means of procuring them from a Depot belonging to the War Department.66 I have agreed to his requisition, supplied him with the requested Stores; those articles can be considered as a loan to the Ordnance Department of the US Army, to be returned to this Station, or surrendered in such a manner as the Honorable Secretary of the Navy may be pleased to direct. Enclosed herewith is the letter requisition & receipt of Maj. Zantzinger, likewise a copy of a letter covering the requisition. This loan made to the War Department, of Public Stores, I hope may meet with the approbation of the Honorable Secretary. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully, Sir Your Obedient Servt Wolcott Chauncey
To: Hon Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson66 Major Richard Arthur Zantzinger was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1792. In 1812 he was appointed Lieutenant U.S. Army. Zantzinger was breveted to major for ‘heroic conduct" at the Battle of War Erie, during the War of 1812, he was also fought in the second Seminole War 1835 -1842. Major Zantzinger died 14 January 1842 at St. Louis Missouri.
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 11 Jany 1835
Sir I have been informed that Commodore John D. Henley has forwarded to the Navy Department certain complaints made by Master Commandant Lawrence Rousseau and Lieutenant John White against me as Commanding this Station.67 As it respects their complaints and grievances, I must respectfully refer the Honorable Secretary to my letter to the Navy Department on the subject of the Sloop Falmouth and Schooner Grampus, also to the enclosed letter from Doctor Hulse, whose proper duty was as a Surgeon of this Station, to inspect unto all cases of Malignant or Yellow Fever which might appear in this harbor. Master Commandant Rousseau complains that I ordered him to come to an anchor after he had got the Falmouth underweight without my permission and without having acquainted me that he had a wish to so. This complaint comes with ill grace from the Master Commandant, after his former act of proceeding to sea; on the 9th of October, without calling on me or informing that this was his wish or intention to do directly in violation of the rules, regulations and disrespect to me not having been notified by the Department emboldened him to repeat it. The forty men whom I ordered to assist on the Coffer Dam of the Wharf were employed in a case of necessity for the safety of important Public Works. His getting the Ship underweight was considered by me from the number of visitors on board as a party of pleasure instead of a watering party. If he wished to fill up the water for the Ship; off the Navy Yard was the proper place.67 Master Commandant John White was born 1784; he was appointed Sailing Master USN on 24 April 1814, and promoted Lieutenant, 27 April 1816. White was promoted to Master Commandant, 9 February 1837. White died in Boston on 4 April 1840 while stationed at the Charlestown Navy Yard.
Captain Lawrence Rousseau USN was born 15 July 1790 in New Orleans Louisiana. He was appointed Midshipman on 16 January 1809, promoted to Lieutenant, 24 July 1813 and Master Commandant, 24 April 1828. He promoted to Captain USN on 9 February 1837. Rousseau resigned his commission 11 February 1861 to join the Confederate States Navy. In doing so, Roussseau became the highest ranking officer of the Confederate States Navy and retained this distinction until 1862 when his junior, Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan, was promoted to the rank of Admiral, CSN. After service in Savannah, Georgia, and had a brief assignment to the Confederate naval station at Jackson, Mississippi (1862), Commodore Rousseau's rank as a Captain in the Confederate Navy was confirmed on October 23, 1862, to date from March 26, 1861. In light of his age and long service, the promotion amounted to retirement from command, although he continued to serve informally. Commodore Rousseau assisted naval research and development at the Selma (Alabama) Iron Works during 1862-1863. He was an acknowledged expert in ironclad armor, explosive devices (mines), and harbor defenses. He advised Mallory on a number of occasions and collaborated with the likes of Commander M.F. Maury and Major General Gabriel J. Rains. From 1863 until 1864 the Commodore was in a "waiting orders" status. From 1864 until 1865 he participated in the defense of Mobile, Alabama. Commodore Rousseau found himself among the last organized remnants of the Confederate States Navy who surrendered at Nanna Hubba Bluff (Alabama), on May 4, 1865. The 75 year-old Commodore was paroled there on May 10, 1865. He died In New Orleans on 4 September 1866.As it respects the complaint of Lieutenant John White, which I consider that an officer, commanding a vessel of War who abandoned his vessel where his officers and men mostly sick and dying, and went to Pensacola and remained from August 26th to the 24th of November amusing himself without even once visiting his vessel, his sick officers and dying men, deserved but little indulgence and attention from me as Commanding this Station; or from the Government in whose service he claimed to be. Although I have many reasons to believe I am surrounded by a cabal of officers, who have been endeavoring to injure my reputation and to impede and threaten me in the various duties of my Station. I shall continue my course in obedience to the rules, regulations and usages of the Navy, enforcing a proper discipline and strict attention to economy from those under my command. And should those officers continue their conduct of insubordination and disregard, of discipline I fear that I shall be compelled to make a formal report and request the Honorable Secretary to remove them from the Navy. I have the honor to be very respectfully, Sir your obedient Servant Wolcott Chauncey.
To: The Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
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U.S. Naval Hospital Pensacola Jany 13, 1835 68
My dear friend,
You as the man who first introduced me to the world - and it is in the path in which you placed me that I have walked there through life. After an interval of more than 20 years, having acquired a reputation upon which solely I depend, which I have guarded with more vigilance than life itself. I have to call on you for trifling service, to aid me in sustaining my reputation. I have been assailed by the Commanding Officer Capt. Wolcott Chauncey who knows nothing of the value of character at a time previous to which no shadow of censure ever existed against me. He has written to the Secretary of the Navy the entire nature of which I do not know but Mr. Amos Kendall in a private letter has given me notice of it.69 I want but one privilege of a leave of absence from my station for three months for the purpose of visiting Washington and I promise to vindicate my honor to the satisfaction of the Department convinced as I am of my own purity. To go in person is indispensably necessary for here I am tied down, I cannot make communication to the Department which does not pass open through my commander’s hands and he would not hesitate to detain any that did not seem to his liking. I understand that you were personally acquainted with Mr. Van Buren. If it will not be asking too much if your good self to do me the favor to ask him to procure me the desired leave so that I may visit the seat of government. It will be very easy for him to procure it – it will be proper, if you can assure him from me that it is the season of the year at which the services of the Hospital Surgeon can best be spared, there being rarely any other then a few chronic cases, and Dr. Edwards has kindly offered to perform my duties in my absence and add to this that there is an assistant Surgeon at the Yard and at the Hospital. All the causes of my wishing to leave need to be stated I have stated to the Secretary viz; to visit my children in Baltimore and to visit the seat of Government where I have business of importance. I have no doubt that the Secy would grant me leave on my own request but this man will retain my letter. He will also detain the letter of the Secretary when it arrives - please communicate to the Secretary to give me unconditional leave; to send it not through my commanding officer. I am Dear sir affectionately yours Isaac Hull
My kind regards to Mrs. T. and all your amiable familyTo: Benjamin F. Thompson Esq
68 Charles J. Werner Dr. Isaac Hulse Surgeon, U.S. Navy 1797 -1856 His Life and Work(Charles J. Werner: New York 1922),
13-1569 Amos Kendall was a noted journalist, and supporter of President Andrew Jackson. Kendall was Auditor of the Treasury 1829 -1835 and Post Master General 1835 -1842
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Note: Charles D. Brodie, Naval Constructor USN was born in Escambia County. As a Naval Constructor he was in charge of ship repair and design at the navy yard. In his youth he had apprenticed with noted naval architect Josiah Fox. Brodie began his naval career at Gosport Navy Yard (Norfolk) on 13 January 1826. Brodie was a slaveholder and on occasion importer of enslaved labor.70 This incident reflects Brodie’s anger at Terry hitting his unnamed servant/slave. Commodore Chauncey’s reference to "his very lucrative situation" harkens back to "Mr. Brodie’s Servants", the term "servant" in early Florida being the polite euphemism for slave, specifically those on the navy yard payroll. Commodore Chauncey was unable to dismiss Brodie, for naval constructors reported to Washington DC. Brodie remained employed at the navy yard. He died 4 October 1845; and is buried at Barrancas National Cemetery.71 No further mention is made the enslaved "servant" nor was any further action taken against Mr. Terry.
70 U.S. Customs Service, Slave Manifests - Mobile, Alabama Inward see Brodie Charles D. National Archives and Records Administration Atlanta RG 36 - U.S. Customs Service, Slave Manifests - Mobile, Alabama Inward Brodie Charles D. dated 9 and 11 March 1837, and 12 August 1837.
https://www.archives.gov/atlanta/finding-aids/rg36_slave_mobileinw_owner.html71 Daily National Intelligencer Washington DC 17 October 1845, 3
U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 14 July 1835
Sir, In consequence of Mr. Brodie having left this Navy Yard without notifying me of his intentions to do so, I am compelled to furnish the Honorable the Secretary, with some particulars respecting the alleged causes of his leaving his situation. On the morning of the 3rd inst. Mr. Terry who superintends the building of a Cistern in this Navy Yard called on me and reported that he had chastened one of Mr. Brodie’s Servants, for insolence and interfering with his workmen, but had afterwards called on Mr. Brodie and told him that he was sorry for having struck the servant without first acquainting me. I then sent the Overseer of the Laborers of the N. Yard to Mr. Brodie, requiring him to keep his Servants in order; otherwise I should be compelled to have him turned out of the Navy Yard. Mr. Brodie called at my house appearing to be in the most intemperate excitement, abusing Mr. Terry, and in his manner very offensive to me. I suffered a day to pass for him to recover his reason; then addressed him a letter, copy of which is herewith enclosed, intending to make full inquiry into the subject, and restore Mr. Brodie to duty. Hearing that he intended to leave this place, I requested Mr. Pitt, my clerk to call on Mr. Brodie, and say to him to go to duty. He refused, and left the Yard without calling me, as required.
I have never considered Mr. Brodie in any manner requisite or necessary for the construction of the Wharf, either from his abilities, his attention to duty or energy in carrying on the work; but from the circumstances of his having received his appointment from the Navy Department, I did not wish to interfere with his very lucrative situation, or be the means by any representation of mine of his losing his place. His recent conduct has now compelled me to make this representation to the Honorable, the Secretary of the Navy, not doubting Mr. Brodie will represent his case in a very different light, and to suit his own purposes. I have the honor to be Very respectfully, Sir, Your Obedient Servant Wolcott Chauncey
To: Hon Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson
Enclosure:
U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 8 July 1835
Sir, Your duties heretofore attended to on the Wharf how building here, and the emoluments for the same are hereby suspended, until further notice Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant Wolcott ChaunceyTo: Mr. Charles D. Brodie
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1 August 1835 Pensacola Navy Yard
Sir, I request to be instructed by the Secretary, how I am to consider the Marine Guard now in the Navy Yard. On my taking Command, I found one Captain, one Lieutenant and a few privates living here in the Yard and acting entirely independent of the Commandant - within a few days the Lieutenant has received leave of absence from the Commanding Officer at Washington to visit New Orleans without any reference to me as commanding this Navy Yard; this course I consider as subversive of discipline and injurious to the public service – The small detachment of Marines living within the walls of the navy yard are insufficient in number & as now regulated I consider them about useless – therefor respectfully request that the Secretary will give such orders as shall enable me to employ a portion of them in the ordinary duty of the Yard – I have the Honor to be Sir, Very Respectfully your obt Servt Wolcott ChaunceyNote: On the obverse Secretary of the Navy, Levi Woodbury penciled, "The 2d Sect of the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps drafted 30 June 34 – direct the said Corps shall at all times be subject to the orders and laws and regulations which are or may hereafter be enacted for the better government of the navy except when detached to serve with the Army by order of Presidt. Inform him measures will soon be taken to carry into effect the provisions of the Act of Congress passed during the late session."
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 5 August 1835
Sir, An unfortunate affair took place in the afternoon of the 3rd inst. Whilst a gang of men belonging to the Ordinary of the Navy Yard, were employed in floating logs through the passage of the pier of the Wharf, a man by the name of Samuel White was drowned. The accident was not reported to me until after Sunset and then in such a manner as not to be believed. On the morning of the 4th instant the body was found. I immediately directed that a Coroner’s Inquest should be held over it, after which I caused it to be decently interned. A copy of the report of the Jury is herewith enclosed. It is my opinion that White when drowning was in a state of intoxication. He had been very much addicted to drink whenever he could procure it. The evidence of John Allen is worthless, as he was intoxicated the afternoon and evening of the 3rd. The boy Briggs is a notorious liar, and never to be believed. The report of the Coroner’s Jury has been sent to the District Attorney. If William’s Boatswain’s Mate is required by the Civil Authority, I shall give him up. I have written to the District Attorney that I prefer waiting until I hear from the Secretary of the Navy. As the deceased and the accused were both attached to the U.S. Navy, a Court Martial would be enabled to come more readily at the truth than a Civil Court. I do not believe that Williams had any intention to cause the death of Samuel White, although Williams having drunk too much might have struck White before he was in the water. Having no Receiving Vessel on this Station, I find it very difficult to keep the men belonging to the Ordinary from procuring liqueur from outside the Yard, and frequently getting intoxicated. On other Stations they have Recruiting Vessels, where whenever men are not at work, they are kept on board, under strict and vigilant observation of officers and sentinels. I am much in want of Warrant Officers such as Sailing Master of the Yard, two shipped Masters Mates & a good Boatswain for the Ordinary. I find that the Public duty, whether Ordinary or Laborers are employed is greatly expedited by the attention of Warrant Officers in place of Overseers. No good Overseer can be under $2.50 per day. I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your Obedient Servant Wolcott Chauncey
To: Honorable Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson
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US Navy Yard Pensacola 29th August 1835
Sir, I have the honor to enclose a letter from Doctor Edwards Surgeon of this Navy Yard – The subject mentioned by the Doctor, I think merits attention and I respectfully recommend that the owners of black laborers employed in the N. Yard be required to provide medicine and medical attendance for their slaves taken sick. I have the honor to be very respectfully, Sir Yr Obt Servant Wolcott Chauncey
Enclosure:
Pensacola Navy Yard 20th August 1835
Sir, It appears that within a later period the laborers of this yard have been furnished with gratuitous medical attendance, not given at other Navy Yards, and intended to meet a past exigency or pressing emergency. As no return is made either in Hospl money - or otherwise for the gratuitous benefits received; and as there is no difficulty in their being attended as formerly, at a very moderate private expense to the proportions I have been induced to present the subject to your consideration. I have conversed with some of the proprietors and no objection has been made to the arrangement as formerly practiced. I am very respectfully your obedience servant D.S. Edward, MD, Surgeon USNTo Commodore Wolcott Chauncey
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Note: Wolcott Chauncey died 14 October 1835; just six days after requesting relief. For an account of his death, see the letter of Doctor Isaac Hulse USN dated 18 October 1835.
Pensacola Navy Yard 8th Oct 1835
Sir, I have the honor of addressing the Secretary on this of last August, requesting to be relieved from this command. I received an answer dated 26th of August, informing me that my communication had been received, and that according to my request I would probably be relieved in the course of a few weeks. In consequence of receiving this answer, I made my arrangements to leave the place, by selling my furniture and storing and sending other items to the North. Having remained much longer than I expected, I shall consider it a great favor if the Secretary will hasten my relief, I have the honor to be Very respectfully Sir your obedience servant Wolcott Chauncey
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Note: Doctor Hulse in this letter to his close friend Benjamin F. Thompson writes about his acrimonious relationship with Commodore Wolcott Chauncey and the latter’s death, which he ascribed to "intemperate habits"
U.S. Naval Hospital Pensacola Oct. 18th 1835 72
My dear friend,
I ought to have appraised you ere this of my safe return to my post. I reached here on the 26th ultimo and I have been variously engaged, moving again into my quarters preparing estimates of the Hospital for the next year, etc. etc. I called on the Secretary of the Navy to know whether I was justified at the Department in the controversy I had with my commanding officer. He assured me that I stood perfectly fair with the Department, extended my leave of absence so far as allow me to come out in a public vessel (the Constellation ) which sailed not before the first of October. I preferred coming out sooner at my own expense for the purpose of enjoying my family. While at Washington I was confidentially informed Capt. Chauncey was to be removed from command of the Navy Yard. When I arrived out here, he had made all of his preparations to leave and his successor was named. This I considered an additional proof of my justification and I exhibit to you because you are entitled to know it. But alas poor mortality! Captain Chauncey has fallen victim to his intemperate habits. He died of dropsy of the brain after an illness of very few days. A fit of delirium tremens degenerated into this disease which terminated his existence. We bore him to last resting place three days since.73 Peace to the dead!
My new house near the Hospital is about being completed. It is very handsome double house, 4 rooms on a floor passage through the center, gallery running all-round, supported by turned columns. The site is a beautiful one having a view of the entrance of the Navy Yard etc., beyond St. Rosa Island an extensive view of the sea and coast.
The sunny south is exceedingly congenial to me; my health became better as I changed my climate. While on Long Island I was miserable the air was too keen for me. I breathed with difficulty and could barely speak without coughing – here I can not only speak but sing and if Mrs. Thompson were here with her piano with voice accompanying I flatter myself I could trust my voice without disturbing the harmony of sweet sounds
Come here and invest in the rich lands of the Mississippi the balance of them will be in the market this winter. You may be a nabob in a few years. I have heard nothing from my mother or Mr. Ritch since I left. Adieu yours most truly and affectionately Isaac HulseTo: Benjamin F. Thompson Esq.
72 Werner, 20-21
73 Delirium tremens a symptom of acute alcohol withdrawal often associated with alcoholics in recovery or suddenly deprived of alcohol.
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Note: After the memorial ceremony Commodore Wolcott Chauncey was buried on the Pensacola Navy Yard ground. "DEATH OF COM. CHAUNCEY-Com. WOLCOTT CHAUNCEY, Commander of the Navy Yard in Pensacola, died at the place on Wed. the 14th. On the following day his body was interred at the Navy Yard burying ground with the naval honors due to his rank.
Source: The Charlotte Journal (Charlotte N.C.) 13 Nov. 1835, p3GENERAL NAVAL ORDER
As a mark of respect to the memory of Captain WOLCOTT CHAUNCEY, late of the United States Navy, who died at Pensacola, on the 14th inst., while in command of the Navy Yard and Station at that place, the flags of the Navy Yards, stations, and vessels of the United States Navy will be hoisted half mast, and thirteen minute guns fired at noon on the day after receipt of this order. Officers of the Navy and Marine corps will wear crape for thirty days.
MAHLON DICKERSONNavy Department, 27th Oct. 1835
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1836 Station Log Entries for U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola
United States Naval regulations required all ships and shore stations to keep a daily log or chronological record of notable events which the duty watch officers or senior enlisted men were to record for administrative and legal purposes. In naval parlance any kind of running record is called a log. Another important function of the station logs was to monitor or check the activities of the watch officer. These logs were also maintained to serve as potential evidence in legal proceedings in naval or civil courts. What follows are a few selected entries transcribed from the surviving Pensacola log book which covers the period 1 January 1836 to 31 December 1836. Station log entries typically record the number of personnel employed, the number of mechanics in various trades, laborers at work on a given date, and reports of work accomplished. Many entries list the names of the naval and merchant vessels at the yard, the name of the ship’s captain, and the reason for a visit, such as delivery of supplies or repair. The names of distinguished visitors to the shipyard were also recorded in the log see 15 September 1836. In contrast naval station logs of this period also contain information regarding the convening and sentences passed by Court Martials. At Pensacola the desertion of enlisted men remained a critical problem throughout the antebellum era (see 15 and 16 September 1836 for the names and search of three such deserters).
Watch officers were also obligated to chronicle the weather with particular attention to wind direction and cloud formation; log entries from the mid 1860’s include the air temperature and barometric pressure. Changes in weather were crucial since most Pensacola employees worked out of doors. The nineteenth century shipyard workforce was largely composed of per diem and enslaved workers. Accurate weather observations were useful in projecting the number and types of workers required. Bad weather meant that laborers unlike carpenters, painters, and blacksmiths who could work indoors in a shop or shed would be laid off until the weather improved and made their work feasible. The Navy Department typically followed the work practices of private shipyards, and hired nearly all its mechanics and laborers per diem, and then only when there were sufficient funds.
Although not explicitly stated in the log entries, enslaved black workers were “laborers” while white workers were categorized as belonging to “the ordinary.” The payrolls of Pensacola Navy Yard reflect that enslaved laborers were leased from prominent members of Pensacola society. These slaves often took the names of these families such as Moreno, Willis, Ahrens, Forysth Gonzales, Oldmixon and Morton (see entries for 1 July 1836, 1 August 1836 and 14 September 1836). Naval payroll documents show that slaveholders or their designees signed for and received the enslaved individual’s wages (see March 1834 payroll and 31 March 1838 for Naval Hospital). The practice at Pensacola and other federal shipyards was to retain only the absolute number of free and enslaved workers necessary for a given shop to operate or complete a ship repair. Pensacola Navy Yard employees worked a six day week Monday thru Saturday ten hours a day. In 1836 national holidays for shipyard workers included 4 July and 25 December.
Friday July 1st 1836 Image
Commences with light variable and pleasant weather Discharged the following Labourers Abraham King, Zion Taylor, Rich Corben, Arthur Taylor Bill Willis, Bob Willis, Bill Fauntleroy, Harry Scott, Phil Johnson Geo Taylor
Middle part moderate Breezes from the S & W and pleasant weather Ordinary men and Laborers variously employed on necessary duties of the Yard
Latter part moderate breezes from the S & W and pleasant weatherSaturday July 2nd 1836
Commences with light airs from the E. and pleasant weather Middle part moderate breezes from S & W pleasant weather the Ordinary men and laborers employed cleaning up the yard. The latter part moderate breezes and pleasant weather
Sunday July 3rd 1836
Commences with light variable airs from E and pleasant weather Middle part light variable airs with rain Latter part moderate breezes from N & W and cloudy
Monday July 4th 1836
Commences in the light variable winds and cloudy with rain – at Sunrise fired a salute of 21 guns, and all work suspended for the day. Middle part light variable breezes and cloudy with rain at Noon fired a salute of 21 guns in honor of the day latter part light variable winds and pleasant weather at Sunset fired a salute of 21 guns
Monday August 1st 1836
Commences with light breezes from the S and pleasant weather Middle part moderate breezes from S and cloudy with rain Ordinary men and labourers variously employed on yard duty Charles Ahrens 2nd John Ahrens 2nd Thomas Ahrens and Jacob Camins as Laborers .
Temperature
Sun Rise 83˚ Noon 86˚ Sunset 81˚ Sun Meridian 86˚Wednesday Sept 14th 1836
Commenced with moderate breezes from the E & cloudy weather –
Received Thomas Warner into the Yard as a Laborer –
[Nothing further notated for 14 September 1836]Thursday Sept 15th 1836 IMAGE
Commences pleasant wind easterly -
Laborers & Men of the Ordinary employed as particularized in the columns – At Sunrise discovered that three of the men had made their escape during the night. Names Robert McClean Landsman, Henry Forbes (OS) Bryan Witmore (OS) –
Noon continuation of pleasant weather wind continuing the same way Continued so until Sundown – At night the wind became variable with fresh squalls of wind & rain continued in that way to the end. Arrived the May and Boats from Sessions Mill with five from the Board (Board of Naval Commissioners) Commodores Steward & Dallas together with Commodore Bolton Examining the Yard as they have been since commencement of my keeping the log –Disposition of Laborers
Four Teamster drawing logs for roads filling in &c Five attending stables one at Navy Store – One Cooking two Blacksmith shop, one Mason three at Comm [Commodore’s House] one Lamplighter Five Sawing logs Total: 17Disposition of Ordinary
One carpenters mate on his job -
One seaman Comm. two Seamen together with two ordinary Seamen and 6 Landsmen at the Sail Loft Making up & examining the sails one OS as Wall guard Two cooks Five Sick Total: 20 –Meteorological
Winds - Weather - Temp Air -
Morning E Pleasant 78˚
Noon E Pleasant 80˚
Night Variable Rain Squalls 80˚Friday Sept 16th 1836
Commences cloudy unpleasant weather appearances of rain the men of the Ordinary & Laborers employed as specified in their proper place. The Officers in pursuit of the Deserters Returned without Success –
Meridian & afternoon Easterly Winds & Cloudy appearances of rain –
Night fresh S E Squalls with rain all the first part of the Night –
Arrived the Brig Camelia Ballou Master from New York with cordage and Naval StoresDisposition of Laborers
Four Teamster drawing logs timber and bricks for filling roads two attending stables one at Navy Store – One Cooking two Blacksmith shop, one Mason three at Comm [Commodore’s House], one Lamplighter Two Sawing logs Total: 17
Disposition of Ordinary
One carpenters mate – One painter – Two at Comm[odore]
Eleven on the General objects of the navy overhauling & stowing sails, one in the mail Boat, two cooks and two sick-Meteorological
Winds - Weather - Temp Air -
Morning E by S Cloudy 78˚
Noon E Cloudy 80˚
Night S E Rain & Squalls 80˚Sources:
Pensacola Navy Yard NARA Record Group 71, Records of the Bureau of Yard and Docks, Entry 91, Journals of Daily Transactions 1836.
Muster Rolls 1836 NARA Miscellaneous Records of the Navy Department Roll:0187
Thomas Hulse, "Military Slave Rentals, the Construction of Army Fortifications, and the Navy Yard in Pensacola, Florida, 1824–1863," Florida Historical Quarterly, 88 (Spring 2010), 514 - 515.
Christopher McKee A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession the Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794-1815, (Naval Institute Press Annapolis, MD 1991), 495.* * * * * * * * * *
Note: In this February 1836 letter to the Secretary of the Navy, Commodore Bolton, reveals his lack of empathy to the slave’s plight and a poor understanding of the economics of enslaved labor, with the remarkable claim that Pensacola slaves receive superior wages to free white seamen. There is no record of Secretary Maholn Dickerson ever replying to Bolton’s recommendation for an equalization of wages.
Navy Yard Pensacola 1 Feby 1836
Sir, I beg leave to suggest as worthy of your consideration the existing fact of the hire of the Slave laborers of this Yard being superior to the wages of able white seaman employed in this Yard in the Ordinary here. The rate of the former being fifteen dollars and a ration, also this class of persons are often of necessity, put upon similar duty together. An evident distinction is thus drawn, very prejudicial to harmony and of demoralizing tendency. The white man who clothes himself and probably has some dependents upon him has less means than the Negros, whose wants are fewer and whose surplus wages (his few necessities being supplied) goes to his owner or master.
Other considerations which I need not enumerate will occur to you as warranting on this station, an equalization at least of pay or wages. As it is in the Power of the President to make such discrimination I beg you may bring the subject to his notice; or if in your power, that you will do so. If the price of slave labor diminishes at any time, a commensurate diminution of seamen’s pay may ensue; less the pay of one class be dependent upon or contingent to the other. I offer this suggestion with great diffidence and am most respectfully Your Obedient Servant W.C. Bolton
To: Honorable Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the NavyPS As an illustration of the propriety of this request, I have to state that a female servant occupied in the least toilsome of domestic duties cannot be had for less than ten dollars per month, with subsistence furnished, by the employer. Respectfully W.C.B
Note In this letter from Dr. Isaac Hulse to his close friend Benjamin F. Thompson, he recapitulates with some pride the type of diseases treated in his practice over a three year interval.
U.S. Naval Hospital Pensacola 12th April 18th 1836 74
My dear friend,
Your esteemed letter has been received and not lost sight of - I regretted to be informed by it that you suffered under severe indisposition. I trust that this will find your health reestablished. Since my last to you I have applied to the Secretary of the Navy for Service in the West India Squadron and have this day received his answer in which he says I shall be relieved from the Hospital as soon as a suitable successor can be detailed. On the 30 ultimo I made the Navy Department a recapitulation of the results of my practice in the Hospital for three years and 4 months - number of patients 298 – number of deaths 13. Of the deaths 9 were yellow fever, two consumption, one rupture of the blood vessel and inflammation of the brain of the two cases of consumption, one was an officer who came here from the North moribund. Of the 9 deaths from fever, two were Marines from the Navy Yard who had a mania a potu75 at the time of their attacks and were treated 3 or 4 days in the barracks before they were sent to me and 2 were treated 48 hours on board ship previous to being transferred to me and were finally sent at unfavorable period of their disease. The whole number of cases of yellow fever was about 80. It is possible I shall be employed in the West India Squadron by chivalric officer [Commodore Dallas] who is a friend of mine.
We have nothing recent of the Indian Warfare tho we are distant from it. I remain as ever with most affectionate attachment your friend Isaac HulseTo: Benjamin F. Thompson Esq
74 Werner 22-24
75Mania in potu similar to delirium tremens, a symptom associated with alcoholics suddenly deprived of alcohol.
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Note: Commodore Bolton’s request to the Secretary of the Navy to terminate the Clerk of the Yard, Daniel Munro strongly suggests Munro was alcoholic. Bolton’s language though reflect the attitude of his era that alcoholism was a strictly moral failing, whereas today is alcoholism is recognized as a disease. W. J. Rorabaugh in The Alcoholic Republic an American Tradition (Oxford University Press: New York 1979, 8-9, notes that alcohol consumption peaked at over five gallons per person in the early 1800s as contrasted with approximately two gallons in 1970. A significant drop occurred in the 1840s and the rate stayed around two gallons going forward. Data from the National Institutes of Health reflects current consumption rates peaked at only 2.7 gallons in the early 1980s and leveled off at 2.3 gallons in 2002. Even in our new millennium this early nineteenth century rate of 5 gallons per person still has the power to startle modern readers. Drinking beer and stronger spirits such as rum or grog in the workplace was an accepted and common. On U.S. Naval ships rum rations were only abolished in 1862 and all alcohol aboard USN ships as late as 1914. In an age when potable water within the Pensacola Navy Yard was often foul and noxious tasting, many mechanics and laborers preferred their libations mixed with whiskey or rum. The attitude at Pensacola to employee drinking varied with each commandant but the main concern was safety and good order, see letters of 1 June 1827, 17 March 1834, April 1834, 27 October 1835 and 5 August 1838.
U.S. Navy Yard near Pensacola 31 June 1836
Sir, I regret to be constrained to say to you that Mr. Daniel Munro, the Clerk of the Yard, is so confirmed in the habits of intemperance, as to be unworthy of the situation, it is quite a responsible one, and needs to be filled by a correct and steady man.
Every effort has been made, without avail to reclaim him. His friends and the officers have tried. I despair of his abandoning his evil ways, and I have abstained as long as possible from reporting him. But his irregularities are so glaring and disgusting, that I should feel that I failed in my duty by being longer lenient.
If he is superseded I would recommend the appointment to be bestowed upon some person of your own acquaintance. The salary is Nine hundred Dollars per annum. Mr. Munro was appointed by the Honorable Mr. Southard in July 1826. I have the Honor to be most respectfully your very obedient Servant W. C. Dickerson
To: The Hon. M. Dickerson Secretary of the NavyNote: In Secretary Dickerson’s hand, "Receipt and ask that if no hope remaining of the reformation of Mr. Munro and if he is so groggy or fixed in the habits of intemperance as to be incapable of discharging his duties as Clerk of the Yard painful as must be commandant of the Yard is your duty to discharge him and appoint [someone] of correct habits suitably qualified of the highly responsible duties of the Yard."
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Note On 23 July 1836 Commodore Bolton placed the following advertisement soliciting bids for enslaved laborers to work on the navy yard, in a number of southern newspapers. In his notice Bolton highlighted the provision of medical care. In this he was simply reiterating a policy established by the Secretary of the Navy on 23 May 1813 at Washington Navy Yard which specifically directed that treatment and medical care be extended to: "…Master or laboring Mechanic or common laborer employed in the navy yard shall receive any sudden wound or injury, while so employed in the Yard; he shall be entitled to temporary relief." The Secretary also ordered similar medical attention for enslaved workers in the navy yard.76
76 William S. Dudley, editor The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History Volume II (Naval Historical Center: Washington, DC, 1992), 124. Also see John G. Sharp Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814 With The Names of American Wounded From The Battle of Bladensburg Naval History and Heritage Command 2018 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html#ft12
Floridian and Advocate 10 September 1836, 1
Important to Slave Owners
Laborers Wanted –A number of good working hands will be employed throughout the year, or by the month at the Navy Yard near Pensacola, on the following terms; viz. 30 dollars per month and one Navy ration daily, the value of the ration being 20 cents, consists of alternatively fresh beef and vegetable, salt beef, salt pork, flour, bread, beans, rice, and molasses, vinegar, whiskey &c &c All of which is the best quality. The whiskey part of the ration is not drawn in kind but the value of (90 cents per month) is paid the slaves in money. The slaves will have the benefit of medical attendance and when confined for sickness no deduction will be made for the first week of their indisposition. The period of labor daily will be sunrise to sunset with however an intermission of one hour for breakfast and two hours for dinner during the summer.
W. C. Bolton
23 July 1836
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Note: First begun by Henry Marie Brackenridge, in 1832 Live Oak Plantation became part of the Pensacola Navy Yard. The Navy Department originally envision planning and cultivating the oak trees, the building and repair of vessels in the West India Squadron; however steel soon became more vital than wood. This August 1836 letter from Clancy Lee provides useful information as to how the new oak trees were, planted, trimmed and cultivated by enslaved laborers such as William Fauntleroy and George Taylor.
United States live oak plantation near Pensacola 1st August 1836
Sir, The undersigned Superintendent of the U.S. Live Oak Plantation near Pensacola, respectfully report to you the work done in said plantation from the 1st of May to the 30th of July inclusive.Hands employed, Wm Fauntleroy & George Taylor employed in the month of May in trimming up live oak trees & cutting out and thinning undergrowth during the month. Thirteen thousand trees were trimmed, and during the month of June, the same hands were employed in the same operation and trimmed up in June, thirteen thousand six hundred trees at the end of this month the hands were taken from the plantation by their owner for the month of July the undersigned has been employed in cleaning up the roads on avenues running though the Plantation. Very respectfully, your obedient servant Clancy Lee.
To: Commodore W.C. Bolton Commanding Navy Station Pensacola* * * * * * * * * *
Note: In this letter Commodore Bolton made two controversial suggestions. First, to recruit and retain white laborers and skilled mechanics, he requests Secretary Mahlon Dickerson’s approval to ease restrictions on the lease of navy yard land. Secondly Bolton asked Dickerson to consider allowing the Navy to "purchase suitable and healthy slaves…" Dickerson as was his practice drafted a reply, approving the leases but denying the purchase of slaves as "contrary to public policy, see below.
US Navy Yard near Pensacola 27 August 1836
Sir, As I have already, if not frequently adverted to the trouble and uncertainty of procuring Mechanics & Laborers for the action and effective prosecution of the public works of this yard, it has occurred to me to suggest the offer independent of the present existing advantages the allotments of some half or whole acres of soil or sand rather contiguous to this establishment in fee simple or lease useable forever, for the use and benefit the former class with families, such an arrangement would identify them with its prosperity and defense, more but minor considerations, inadmissible in a letter might be advanced in air of this proposition .
Regarding the second class of public prejudice is not against the measure, I am ignorant of any Statute, why could not the Government, through an agent, possess itself by purchase of suitable and healthy slaves, in various branches of improvement carrying on or intended?
Economy would attend such arrangement, better police could be established, certain amount of work might be utilized on and individuals would lead a life of comparative comfort, security and permanency; which the mass are strangers, being in possession of private individuals who work or hire them exclusively for their aggrandizement and often time by caprice. I merely throw out the thoughts above to be acted upon or rejected; and however it will have been reflected on, I hope.
It is highly desirable that the full quota of officers should be assigned to this yard; as yet I have heard nothing of Sailing Master Robinson and the acting duties of the yard which are onerous and in consequence Lieut. Cocks’s illness attended to by Master Commandant Latimer and Passed Midshipmen Gist. I believe that two Lieutenant’s properly belonging to this establishments Lieut. Farragut [who is] borne on the books for pay but invalided at Pascagoula.77
I fear that I shall not succeed in getting a sufficient number of suitable persons to act as Watchmen; it is consequently most desirable that the Marine Guard should be strengthened. I am Sir most respectfully your obedient servant W.C. Bolton.
To: Secretary of the Navy M. Dickerson77 David G. Farragut Midshipman, 17 December 1810. Lieutenant, 13 January 1825. Commander, 8 September 1841. Captain, 14 September 1855. Rear Admiral, 16 July 1862. Vice Admiral, 31 December 1864. Admiral, 26 July 1866. The Admiral died 14 August 1870. Spencer C. Gist Midshipman, 1 May 1826, Passed Midshipman, 28 April 1832, Lieutenant, 8 March 1837. He died 22 October 1847.
Note # 1 In Dickerson’s handwriting is the notation "Inform him that the allotment of land which he suggests can well be made and it is contrary to the policy of the Government to purchase slaves."
Note # 2 Dickerson’s clerk wrote, "Answered 8 Sept. 1836"
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Note: An unhappy duty of the commandant was to organize Courts Martials of officers or enlisted men for serious breaches of naval discipline and decorum. In this letter the Commandant informs the Secretary of the Navy to two upcoming Courts Martials. In these two cases, Dr. William W. Valk USN was subsequently found guilty of quarreling and sending a challenge to Purser McKean Buchanan. The court sentenced Doctor Valk to be privately reprimanded by the Secretary of the Navy. Doctor Valk resigned his commission 10 October 1838. The same court found Purser McKean Buchanan USN guilty of "quarrelling and conduct unbecoming of a gentleman". He was sentenced to be publicly reprimanded by the Secretary of the Navy.78
78 Army and Navy Chronicle and Scientific Repository Vol. 5 (E. Homan: Washington City 1837) 232
U.S. Navy Yard near Pensacola July 19th 1837
Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your letter dated the 6th instant; brought to me by the last mail, arrived the 17th instant- As the West India Squadron has been in Port since the 15th inst. I presume the trials of Doctr Volk and Purser Buchanan will soon take place – I have written to Comd Dallas to know what his arrangements are in reference thereto. As soon as I hear from him I will be regulated by what he says, in the restoration or otherwise of these officers to duty- If they are for instance to be tried tomorrow; or next day, it seems to be useless to reinstate them nominally – I cannot bear the idea of the Ship’s Steward, acting as Purser; such a derogation from the dignity of the office – Mr. Buchanan asked for more than a week to prepare his books, accounts &c for transfer to Mr. Cassedy, the latter Gentleman will need some days for re –transfer I have this day dictated Mr. Cassin to commence the preparation of the Purser Books &c for re-transfer –Everything connected with the accounts of Mr. Buchanan seems to be attended complexity; and has given both you and me vexatious troubles which I regret – I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servt W.C. Bolton
Honorable M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy* * * * * * * * * *
Note: Selling liquor to slaves was a serious offense in Escambia County during the antebellum period. The sheriff launched 17 prosecutions, 10 of which resulted in guilty verdicts. Retailors who traded illegally with slaves risked stiff fines. In 1838 one Pensacola shopkeeper Joseph Alton was fined $150.00 for among other things keeping a ‘tippling house" and selling liquors to slaves.79
79 James M. Denham Crime and Punishment in Antebellum Florida 1821 -1861 (University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa 1997), 106-107 and 235
US Navy Yard Pensacola March 17th 1838
Sir,
I beg leave to inform the Department that I am in possession of proof of the violation of the terms of the lease, on which some of the residents outside the Navy Yard hold occupancy of public grounds by vending contrary to regulations of spirituous liquors to the Negro Laborers and other persons employed here who smuggle it into the yard to the great determent of the Public Service and the annoyance of the officers. I have tried every expedient safely within my power to suppress the practice, but without avail.
I now forward to you a lease and ask your construction of its tenor; and authority and directions how to proceed in the ejection of the offending individuals, so as not to violate law or involve myself. Will you be pleased to return the Lease after examination; as well as one other which I sent the Department some months ago; as it belongs, I believe to the person against whom I have complained. I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. W.C. Bolton.
To Hon M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
On obverse side is Secretary Dickerson’s note, "Refer to the commissioners of the navy for a report"* * * * * * * * * *
U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola March 17th 1838
Sir, I beg leave to inform the Department that a short time since a Sergeant of Marines, named Reigart arrived here under the appointment of the Colonel Commandant of the Marine Corps as Sutler to the Guard stationed here.
Regulations were submitted to me by the Marine officer, which appeared salutary, and I approved them. Among the articles enumerated and vended were malt liquor, shrub &c.8080 Shrub, a type of fruit liqueur that was popular in 17th and 18th century England, typically made with rum or brandy mixed with sugar and the juice or rinds of citrus fruit.
The practice continued for a few days only when much irregularity was observed among the marines, probably attributable to the use of drink to which they heretofore have not been familiar added no doubt to spirituous liquor which may have been smuggled into the yard. To correct and arrest as far as possible the evil I have rescinded the part of the regulations which I have quoted, since then the guard has acted with steadiness. All other enumerated articles essential to the comfort or wants of the Marines are permitted to be issued.
By the regulations, and in conformity as I was told of usage elsewhere a tax of ten cents per month for each man was imposed upon the Sutler for the privilege of selling malt liquors; which was to be vested in what is the post fund. As the privilege that extraction from necessity been withheld that extraction cannot be made of the Sutler, and I cannot see wherein his private interest may suffer. I make this statement lest the matter should be referred to you. I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant W.C. Bolton
To: Hon. M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy Washington* * * * * * * * * *
U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 19 March 1838
Sir, I have received your letter of the 6th instant enclosing the acceptance of the late acting Boatswain Bergen’s resignation. You are right as to the fact of his appointment upon my recommendation; which recommendation was predicated upon the continuation of his having behavior will whilst acting previously upon my appointment I am after you confirmed it feeling himself independent he became insubordinate and intemperate in his habits – I was therefore glad not only in my own account but also that of the other officers to get rid of him. I am Sir, Very respectfully your obedient servant W.C. Bolton
To: The Hon, M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy* * * * * * * * * *
U.S. Navy Yard near Pensacola March 22nd 1838
Sir, I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors date 8th &10 instant. All the communications enumerated in the latter, came to hand; as my correspondence since, has advised you; but in a very wet and chafed state; rendering it difficult to open, and read some of them. The map from the land office also suffered.
It was very far, I assure you from my intentions to convey the slightest intimation of inattention on the part of the Department to my report. I was only fearful that owing to the prevalence for a long time of very stormy weather the Department might be disappointed in some of its wishes or expectations, by non-arrival of mail. I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. W.C. Bolton.To Hon M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
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Note: The monthly naval payroll required all employees to sign for their salary or wages. Slaveholders signed for their bondmen. Surgeon George Terrill is listed as signing for the wages of seven of the employees listed below. In 14 May 1838 letter to the Secretary of the Navy, Commodore Bolton confirms Dr. Terrill as a slaveholder with an enslaved worker Rindel Terrill, having died in a work related accident. The cause was drowning and Bolton informed him that the Department is financially liable to Dr. Terrill for the loss of his bondman. In 1837 Florida Stephen Mallory petitioned the U.S. House of Representatives for full remuneration to the three slaveholders.81 Jasper Strong (1798-1865) who signed for John Thompson and Benjamin Bowman was a prominent citizen of antebellum Pensacola, slaveholder and chief contractor for enslaved labor during the construction of Fort Pickens and Fort Barrancas. In the 1860 US Census, Strong owned about 100 slaves. He was a classmate of the Army Corps of Engineers Chase which likely helped his relationship with the U.S. Army in Florida. In 1833 Dr. Issac Hulse’s married Melanie Innerarity, the daughter of John Innerarity 1783 -1854. Both John and his brother James Innerarity became politically powerful and were two of the largest slaveholders in Escambia County.82 Dr. Hulse a slaveholder in his own right derived rental income from renting Phillis Innerarity and other bondsmen to the navy yard.83
81 Journal of the House of Representatives, Volume 23, Issue 2 (Begum and Held: Washington DC 1837), 1209
82 Clavin,184n81 and 197n116
83 Dibble, 64
Payroll of Officers &c of the Hospital [March 31 1838]
Name 1. George Terrill 2. Edward F. Brooke 3. John Thompson 4. Robert Thompson 5. Maria Walker 6. Seerinas Stokes 7. Arraby Walker 8. Harriet Walker 9. Nancy Walker 10. Henry Frances 11. John Jacobs 12. Benjamin Bowman 13. Phillis Innerarity 14. John T. Mason 15. Thomas Hyrick 15. Emmanuel Stokes
* * * * * * * * * *US Navy Yard Pensacola 2nd April 1838
Sir, On the evening of Sunday 1st instance about ½ past 6 o’clock Dr. Valk called in and informed me that he had been on board the ship Alabamian to examine a wound received in the thigh by one of her seaman inflicted by a shot from a sentinel, Kelly of the yard.84 He knew none of the causes or circumstances attending it; but said that the sergeant of the guard had gone by direction of Lieutenant Wilson to inform Commander Latimer of the incident. I regretted the event, but expressed my opinion that the Sentinel might be justified or was right. This informal conversation has scarcely ended when Captain Latimer came into report the occurrence officially; and stated that the Sentinel had been by order of Lieutenant Wilson placed under guard but not confined. I dissented from any measure of the kind as the wound was not esteemed to be fatal by his enlargement and restoration of the ordinary and accustomed duty until the case could be duly and fairly examined into authorizing the surgeon at the time to convey the wounded individual into the General Hospital where the best services could be rendered; when it admitted the best services could be rendered; when it admitted of such transfer –84 Dr.William W. Valk Asst. Surgeon USN Appointed Assistant Surgeon 23 February 1835 resigned 10 October 1838.
The Alabamian has been off the yard for several days delivering cargo on public account; and the man and the crew had I supposed informed, themselves usage and regulations existing therein – Though an individual suffers in this instance and I repeat my earnest and deep regret, yet I believe the occurrence will have a most sorry effect. The yard is surrounded by reckless people who would if allowed, defy everything except Bowe knife. If Sentinels do not act and are supported in the duties given them I might as all other officers also, quit and leave premises open to intrusion and pillage. A minute enquiry shall be instituted, all particulars developed, will be communicated by me to you for such action as you may find necessary. I am perfectly without prejudice to the affair; I only for the proprieties of an establishment on a remote and so important here. These should be preserved most scrupulously – I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. W.C. Bolton.
To Hon M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
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Note: The following surviving documents signed by John G. Cassidy acting Purser USN for the hire of enslaved labor on the Pensacola Navy Yard are rare. Purser Cassidy’s enclosed notes for payment for the hire of enslaved laborers in June, July and October 1837 and were forwarded by the Secretary of the Navy. Commodore Bolton’s action was possibly prompted by the limits of his fiscal authority as set forth in the Department of the Navy annual budgetary appropriation.
Pensacola April 14th 1838
Sir, I beg leave to refer you to the enclosed check drawn by Mr. McBuchanan late Purser of the Navy Yard upon the Commercial Bank of New Orleans in my favor for $ 240, which is protested for non-payment it was given as payment for the hire of laborers in this Yard & the Roll receipted by my Agent F. Christian, also a certificate of debt for Laborers hire given by J.G. Cassidy late acting Purser deceased of $ 367 to my agent F. Christian and request you to make such order or take such other means as to process the Payment of the same amount to me. The original is enclosed and I have retained the copies. Very Respectfully Ob Servt. S.C. Hubbell
Enclosure
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US Navy Yard Pensacola 15th May 1838
Sir, I beg leave to lay before the Department the copy of a communication which I received yesterday from L.C. Hubbell Esq. and papers accompanying it touching on the claim which he has against this yard for hire of laborers. The papers explain themselves, and need no comment from me. I fear however that other like demands may be made- As it respects the due Bill or certificate of the later Mr. Cassidy I have the pleasure to inform you that the administrator of his estate Mr. Geo Lyndall, states that a sum of money exceeding three hundred dollars stands in his name, as on private account in the Commercial Bank of New Orleans and had not been transferred to Purser Buchanan; and further that the account current between Mr. Cassidy and the Treasury Department shews a considerable balance in his favor.85 The reason that Mr. Cassidy gave the certificate was the agent of Mr. Hubbell refused Pensacola money it being appreciated and at the time no other funds could be had from the agent. I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. W.C. Bolton.
To Hon M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy85 Pensacola Navy Yard, Master Joiner George Lyndall, began work at the Washington Navy Yard as a joiner's apprentice, see 1829 list of Washington Navy Yard employees http://www.genealogytrails.com/washdc/wny1829.html Lyndall was one of the leaders in the 1835 Strike at the Washington Navy Yard, see National Intelligencer August 13, 1835. He died on 14 August 1851 and is buried in Old Warrington – Woolsey Cemetery now located on the naval station
Enclosure I certify that there is due of the public funds now in my possession as late acting purser F. Christians Esq.the sum of Three Hundred & Sixty Seven Dollars Eleven Cents for the hire of Negros at the Navy Yard in June and July last for which amount I hold myself Responsible.
John G. Cassidy86
Late Acting Purser Navy Yard Pensacola 4th Oct 183786 Purser John G. Cassidy USN was born in Washington DC He died 5 Dec 1837 and is buried in the Old Warrington–Woolsey Cemetery.
http://www.fl-genweb.org/escambia/cemeteries/warrington-woolseyold.htm* * * * * * * * * *
Note: This letter from Commodore Bolton to the Secretary of the Navy Dickerson describes the tragic death by drowning of three enslaved Pensacola Navy Yard laborers: John Thomas, Dangerfield Martin and Rindel Terrill.87 Bolton’s primary concern was to alert the Secretary that the loss of the three men would result in a liability of at least $3,500 to be paid the slaveholders. In the ninetieth century most Americans could not swim and if they fell overboard, unless quickly rescued, perished.88 A similar incident occurred in February 1849 involving four enslaved men who were taking a boat from the town of Pensacola to the Navy Yard when their boat capsized and two of the men belonging to slaveholder, a Mr. C. Gonzalez, drowned.89
87 Dr. George Terrill Surgeon USN, appointed 22 May 1826 resigned 21 September 1854.
88 "Jasper Strong, George Terrill and Jackson Morton praying remuneration for three slaves who were drowned at the navy yard near Pensacola while in the employ of the Government which petition was referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs" Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Volume 25 no. 2 (Thomas Allen :Washington DC 1838), 1209 https://books.google.com/books?id=gQBFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1209&dq=George+Terrill+++navy+yard&hl=
en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm06br3tzgAhUMR6wKHXasD_AQ6AEIXTAJ#v=onepage&q=George%20Terrill
%20%20%20navy%20yard&f=false Accessed 27 February 201989 Pensacola Gazette 24 February 1840, p.2.
US Navy Yard Pensacola 15th May 1838
Sir, I am under the necessity of informing the Department, of a sad accident which occurred here yesterday, involving the loss of life, by drowning of three Negros slaves employed in this yard. A report of the casualty accompanies this communication made by passed midshipman Wilkinson under whose supervision they were working.90 In addition to his statement, I have to add, that no special directions appear to have been given, as to the size of the lighter or scow to be employed in laying down the moorings, alluded to which caused the catastrophe; her inadequacy to the undertaking ought to have been appreciated by midshipman Wilkinson and he as well as the whole gang were exposed to like danger, from which they only escaped by being dexterous swimmers. At the time of the accident, I was an invalid in my chamber, commander Latimer absent on duty at the Hospital and Lieutenant Wilson occupied in other parts of the yard, we note from the melancholy scene. The bodies of the persons, so unfortunately drowned were attempted fruitlessly to be recovered by being dragged for and by means of hauling the scene, yet they are not found. The aggregate value of the slaves, I would estimate at three thousand five hundred dollars and as the owners will I suppose apply under the peculiar circumstances of the case from the government I have thought it advisable to forward to you these explanatory statements. The gentlemen who have thus sustained loss have been written to and informed them, they are liberal minded men and will look upon misfortune which I acquaint you with all indulgence possible; and must doubtless sympathize with Midn Wilkinson as having therein No negligence can be imputed to him as he is zealous in duty; by a reflection upon his discretion, may I fear be entertained, if not expressed by the loses in the case. I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt. W.C. Bolton.
To Hon M. Dickerson Secretary of the Navy90 Stephen W. Wilkinson, Midshipman USN, 1 April 1828. Passed Midshipman, 14 June 1834, died 14 November 1839. Midshipman Wilkinson died age 29 of fever, possibly yellow fever, which also killed seven or eight other naval officers that fall in Pensacola. Source: Philadelphia Inquirer 29 November 1839, 2. He is buried in Pensacola’s St. Michael’s Cemetery.
Enclosure:Navy Yard Pensacola 14 May 1838
Sir,
In obedience to your orders I have to state that in endeavoring to get the shank of an anchor overboard from one of the scows that shank hung against the stem of the scow, when she filled and three Negros were drowned I gave the order to get the shank overboard in doing so, the scow commenced leaking, the three Negros seeing this became frightened and made further exertion to get the anchor overboard, consequently the scow filled when they all jumped overboard clinching each other simultaneously and sank before assistance could reach them. I am Sir Very Respectfully Your Ob Servt signed S. W. Wilkinson
To: Commodore W.C. Bolton
PS The names of the Negros were John Thomas belonging to Jasper Strong91, Dangerfield Martin to Col. J. Morton and Rindel Terrill belonging to Doctor Terrill.9291 Jasper Strong (1798-1865) was a prominent citizen of antebellum Pensacola, slaveholder and a major contractor for enslaved labor during the construction of Fort Pickens and Fort Barrancas. In 1860 US Census, Strong owned about 100 slaves. Strong was a classmate of the Army Corps of Engineers Chase which likely benefited his relations with the U.S. Army in Florida. Matthew J. Clavin Aiming for Pensacola Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers (Harvard University Press: Cambridge 2015) 216n102
92 Dr. George Terrill Surgeon USN, appointed 22 May 1826 resigned 21 September 1854.
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Note: In his letter Commodore Bolton alerted Secretary of the Navy Mahon Dickerson to Dr. Solomon Sharp’s objections to treating enslaved navy yard laborers. Bolton was particularly concerned that Sharp’s actions would cause friction with local slaveholders and be seen in contradiction to Bolton's 10 September 1836 public announcement in local papers containing assurances to slaveholders of medical care and medicine for their enslaved workers.
US Navy Yard Pensacola May 19th 1838
Sir, I forward to you a communication from Surgeon Sharp setting forth, reasons why he should not be required to give his professional services to Negro slaves in case of sickness which may occur among them, whilst hired here on public works.9393 Dr. Solomon Sharp, Surgeon USN. Dr. Sharp was appointed Assistant Surgeon, 15 September 1829 and made Surgeon USN, on 20 February 1838. He retired 16 August 1865 and died 7 January 1870.
The practice as it now is existed before I came here; and until now, I was not aware of any objections having been entertained to it of its practical advantage and utility there is no question. The very fact of slaves having ready access to a physician, medicine and sick quarters is a prominent reason why the navy yard can command the services which this particular description of people are only constituted to render. Besides it enables the commandant readily to detect any feigned indisposition disqualifying them from the discharge of duties contracted for and to pay for. It prevents loss of time and arrests incipient diseases which would reach a head if not instantly watched closely. To whom is recourse to be had but the naval medical officers; as no private practitioner is resident within seven or more miles of us. The duty has not been onerous either amongst the Negros; or those specifically classed as belonging to the Navy; therefore no good cause of complaint exists, on that score. The rule has been to admit sick Negros on the list and into the yard Hospital – their diseases being contacted here, for a period of a week – in some few instances extended if not sufficiently recovered at the expiration of it., then they are turned over to their masters who remove them to town or other quarters. That attendance upon these people should ever become a source of emolument to a naval medical officer I would deeply regret; as well might the surgeon establish a private practice infirmary outside the year, and in giving his attendance to it, omit his proper duties within. If the Surgeon is allowed to assess a capitation tax, then the Government will still be the loser, because the owners will demand a concurrent addition to wages. This I esteem to be one of the exercises of the office of humanity which ought not to be marked by any consideration of pecuniary benefit; and I hold it inseparable from the office of the surgeon at this station. It is true here in this provision, as custom the slave is better off than the white man but no instance can be cited where sickness has visited villages near the yard or mechanics engaged in it that medical aid has been withheld. In some cases from absolute impracticality of getting medicines they have furnished from our general hospital dispensary; but I believe in cases ultimately replaced. As Dr. Sharp quotes law, which it is not my province to define, law, will I suppose govern such a decision, as you may make, in this case. Law possibly declared what surgeon shall do, if defects exist, auxiliary regulations point out what they may do, as peculiar situations demand. Common sense teaches us not to cavil with everything not exactly tallying our prescriptions or concepts of law. On the railroad constructing from and near this place medical attendance and comforts for sick slaves are provided by agents achieving or constructing those works; such was also the case, I believe whilst the forts both the ornament and defense of this harbor were in progress. Whether Such medical aid was provided from the army proper afforded otherwise, I am ignorant; the result however is the same; as it shews the indispensable necessity in this climate and amidst gangs of working people white or black of having medical relief at hand. If the present usage is to be departed from, then I have to suggest an interdiction to any sort of professional practice not strictly conformable to the station of officers or persons belonging, in fact to the Navy; or if practicable, that some gentleman of the Faculty, engaged in private practice, may be designated or appointed, exclusively to attend upon the persons composing the civil establishment of the yard, their dependents, the mechanics and the laborers, who though not shipped or enlisted are a component part of the Navy; so far as a Navy Yard goes. They are here to advance it, to protect and defend it, to guard it, if any designed conflagration, or to subdue it, if the consequence of neglect or accident; and to assist in retrieving or repairing any other calamity by which it may be visited. These persons would, I am satisfied, cheerfully render gratuitously any aid herein, relying upon the income secured or enjoyed by them. Their services would certainly seem more extraneous in recited instances than are set forth in the surgeon’s remonstrance. I presume there has rarely been more than two or three sick Negros, at a time in the Hospital; certainly not since Dr Sharp reported for duty; and these few for sleight treatment, occasioning very little solicitude probably; and not encroaching upon hours of rest. Most cases which have authorized recourse to it may be traced generally to accidents that have occurred to Negro patients whilst they were actually engaged in work. Everybody is sensible how liable they are to injury from haplessness or ignorance in their employments or occupations – Dr. Sharp contrasts custom here, with elsewhere, where is elsewhere? He has been, as it were, but a day here; a day hence he may be elsewhere; and the successor for whom, he designed to provide, though enjoying the provision designed, may never know to whose zeal and efforts he is to consider himself indebted. All that is to say in prefect good part towards Dr. Sharp a comparative stranger to me; but I wish the Department to understand that I entirely differ from his assumption, as I regard the well doing of his successor. Two surgeons have been in the yard since I came to it; on the situation being left vacant by the removal of the last to other service, the surgeons duties were for the greater period of time that I held the command performed by an assistant surgeon now on leave of absence. Neither of these surgeons gave occasion to solicit a letter upon the subject on which I now treat; though I find Dr. Edwards in August 1835 appealed to the Department, but I cannot ascertain what answer was returned; other that an acknowledgment of the receipt of his letter, and that the contents were noticed.94 I am Sir Most Respectfully Your Obedient Servant W.C. Bolton
To Hon. Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
94 Dr. David Shelton Edwards Surgeon USN: Edwards served as a doctor in the United States Navy from 1818 to 1861. He graduated from the Yale Medical School and soon after joined the navy as an Assistant Surgeon. He served in the 1820s aboard a number of different vessels that suppressed piracy in both the Caribbean and the Mediterranean following the Barbary Wars. In 1830, Edwards married Harriet Eliza Henry and they had two children, William and Harriet. They kept up a frequent correspondence when his naval career kept them separated. Between 1835 and 1848, he was appointed as a Surgeon at the hospital in the Pensacola Navy Yard, Florida; Fleet Surgeon to the West Indies Squadron; and Surgeon aboard vessels engaged in the Mexican-American War. These assignments kept him stationed in and around the Gulf of Mexico as well as the Washington DC Navy Yard for part of this period. His most notable service was with General Winfield Scott during his campaign in Mexico that culminated in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico ceded much of what is now the Southwestern United States. Edwards's last sea cruise ended in October of 1859 after which he retired to his family home in Connecticut except for a brief time spent at New Bedford, Massachusetts, recruiting for the Union Navy during the Civil War. He died in Trumbull, Connecticut, on March 18, 1874.
Commodore Wolcott Chauncey USN was appointed a Midshipman, 28 June 1804 and Lieutenant, 7 June 1810. He made Master Commandant, 5 March 1817 and Captain, 24 April 1828. Chauncey died 14 October 1835 while in command at the Pensacola Navy Yard and is buried within the grounds of the naval station. See account of Doctor Isaac Hulse dated 18 October 1835.* * * * * * * * * *
Navy Department
2d June 1838Sir, I have received your letter of the 17th ultimo, and in reply to it I have to state, that it is not deemed expedient to change the practice which prevails at the Navy Yard Pensacola, of the Surgeon attached to the Yard, giving medical attendance to the persons employed in it. I am respectfully yours &c. (Signed) M. Dickerson
To: Doctr Solomon Sharp, Surgeon, US Navy, Pensacola Navy Yard* * * * * * * * * *
U.S. Navy Yard near Pensacola July 12th 1838
Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a letter from the Department of the 2d ultimo in answer to mine of the 17th May last. Deem me not disrespectful in again addressing you with the subject; and urging further the claim of myself and Brother Officers to right and justice, throwing aside all questions of expediency which should never be allowed to cause anyone to be treated with injustice. I Sir do urge my claim must be allowed to meet some of argument that have been urged against me with freedom and shew then the futility and likewise to add some other reasons not advanced in my last letter. 1st It has been urged that the Navy Yard is remote from private practitioners and they (i.e. the Slaves) are constantly near me. Well to a great extent that it is remote, if seven miles is so: but does that prove that I must attend every rich man’s Slave gratuitously! While the poor labourer or mechanic must not only lose his time but pay for his medical attendance; how much more easy can the Rich Slave owner do it? Therefore the argument must fall.
2nd In the Army, Medical Officers are required to attend "Officers, non –commissioned officers, musicians, privates enlisted artificers and laborers in the service of the United States." Well Sir, these are not parallel cases. The Slaves are not enlisted artificers, or laborers, nor again do the same laws and regulations govern both services, which make an essential difference. I would as soon think of resigning at once, as to refuse to attend any Shipped or enlisted artificers and labourers, and I should most assuredly be broken for refusal; it is because that the Slaves are not part or parcel of the Naval forces that object to giving my services to their master. I think, Sir, if you would look upon the matter in the true light you would at once see that Expediency could never make it necessary for government to contract away the services of its officer to private individuals; and as this is absolutely a case of the kind (for the advertisement I have been told held forth to Slave owners that such were the terms i.e. that medical attendance &c should be furnished for one week at the expense of the Government) I conceive it to be due both to myself and Brother officers, to respectfully and firmly oppose its longer continuance. We are by the law of 1825 allowed to receive but a certain sum in lieu of all allowances for our services in the Navy when extra or additional services are performed, which do not appertain to the office, it is but just that additional compensation be given, and if I am rightly informed, is given in the case of the Coast survey. I do not ask the Government for the unusual; let them place the Slaves here on the footing that the mechanics and laborers are at other stations and I will be content; the owner can get his slaves attended to, for a reasonable compensation as has been.
Another argument made use of is, that it is an inducement for the Slave owners to bring their Slaves here and hire them; thereby implying that the Government gets the better bargain by throwing in the services of its officers. Now I would ask, what would one of our Captains say? If the Government would issue Proposals for a Ship to convey Freight to the Mediterranean and insert that the Merchant need not provide a Captain, but all else and were to order the Captain to take charge of that Ship. To make the voyage for the benefit of the merchant, who gets as much for his Ship &c as though he sent his own Captain? I ask, what he would say to it, to be thus ordered? Would any of them take this order quietly? I can answer for them, they would not! Then you would not hear about expediency but of Justice and Loyalty. I ask the question, because I am aware that it has recommended by officers of that rank on the score of expedience; now what are the differences in Principles? Whether Government barter away the services of a Captain or Surgeon! But as I have now touched upon all the arguments that have been urged in favor of the Slave owner and as I have shew and I trust satisfactorily then untenable and also the injustice of the practice. I will now once more repeat the assurance, that I am impelled to these efforts from a sense of what I feel due to the whole Medical Corps of the Navy and would at the same time earnestly solicit your attention to the subject as early as convenient. With profound respect I have the honor to be Your Obt Servt Solomon Sharp M.D. Surgeon.To: Hon. Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy
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U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola July 14th 1838
Sir, I enclose a letter from Doctor Sharp in reply to the Secretary’s letter of 2nd June deciding on the expediency of continuing the practice of the Medical Officer of the yard, attending the labourers employed therein, a copy of which I enclose to you. I consider the letter referred to, touching so closely the reasons assigned by you in your letter to the Department, which accompanied his first communication, that I have informed him I should send his letter to you, as you are still in command of the yard, to afford you an opportunity to meet his arguments, and then to hand it to the Secretary of the Navy to whom it is addressed, if in your opinion, the strong and disrespectful tone in which it is written would justify your doing so. The right of the Secretary to regulate the Southern yards, different from the Northern, appears to be a question, strongly implied by him, without regards to locality or other causes, and that the convenience claimed for himself and brother officers of the Medical corps of the Navy is paramount to the considerations which have induced the Secretary’s decision in his case.
Another argument used by him, is the laborers employed in the yard, are not part of parcel of the Naval forces, as well might he say the ordinary are not part of or parcel of the Naval forces, because they do not go to sea; they are provided for in the same bill, and perform duty in the Navy Yard, and under the same act that Foreign Squadrons are provided for. I consider therefore that every man receiving monthly pay whether employed in the Navy Yard or otherwise, paid from the Naval Appropriation bill must be considered a part and parcel of the Navy I am Sir, with great respect your obedient Servt. W. K. Latimer
To Commodore W.G. Bolton US Navy[PS] I will add, as well, might the Purser of the yard refuse to keep accounts of the laborers, on whom a responsibility devolves for which no compensation is allowed, as that the Surgeon should object to give medical attendance by order of the Secretary of the Navy. Respectfully W.K. Latimer
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Pursers Office U.S. Navy Yard Pensacola 9 August 1838
Sir, The Mechanics and others employed in this Yard who have been discharged from work at different intervals within the last few months complain clamorously against me for refusing to pay them off when discharged, their case is of peculiar hardship in being kept at this expensive place waiting so long a period for their money; in some instances I have felt obligated to pay the claims of the discharged Mechanics from monies in my hands which did not properly belong to such purpose; but I cannot again do this with any propriety. The workmen who may hereafter be discharged from the Yard will be compelled to wait till money is furnished me to pay their claims.
I do not think Sir, that the Honorable Secretary of the Navy can be aware of the discontent with all classes here, in the Public employ in being kept so long without their dues. You yourself may not know - that I am at this day two thousand dollars short of the allotment required for the Rolls of the Mechanics of this Yard, under head of "Completing Hospital" of January last, that there remains yet to be paid in requisition for the Month of February (ultimate) two thousand seven hundred, forty eight 84/100 Dollars, and I have not received one cent in the amount of disbursements for the Month of March, nor for the Month of April or May. Under this circumstances Sir, I have considered it my duty to address the communication to you, believing that a representation of these facts by you at the proper Department at Washington may have the effect to attain wants, at an early time, and to prevent a repeat of them in future. I am Sir, with great Respect Your Obedient Servant Henry Etting PurserTo: Commodore C. Bolton Commandant Pensacola Navy Yard
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Note: These letters for which we only have one side, provide a glimpse of the indignities even free black sailors like Stephen Wood could suffer. What is remarkable is young Stephen Wood was in the "habit of writing letters" to the Secretary about the "barbarous" abuse he suffered. Lt. Farrard confirmed he "directed the Capt. of the Head to whitewash Wood & scrub him" and was clearly annoyed to have to deal with a literate black man. Lt. Farrand concludes with Wood’s writing was "extremely improper & subversive of discipline unless such communications are made to go thro the proper channel."
Free blacks like Stephen Woods were frequently the subject of threat and harassment. Commodore Lewis Warrington wrote on 9 September 1839 to the Secretary of the Navy that he considered free blacks "a great inconvenience if not an evil" and he further stressed that free black seamen should only present for "A sufficient number of boy servants & for a boats crew for the tropical climate or exceedingly warm weather…" Warrington to Paulding, 9 September 1839, NARA M125, "Captains Letters" 1 Sept 1839 -30 Sept 1839, letter number 38 and see John G. Sharp The Recruitment of African Americans in the U.S. Navy 1839 Naval History and Heritage Command 2019 accessed 26 May 2019 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/the-recruitment-of-african-americans-in-the-us-navy-1839.html
Admiral W. Branford ShubrickU.S. Naval Frigate Macedonian Pensacola Bay 31st August 1839
Sir, I enclose herewith a letter from Lieutenant Ebenezer Farrard in relation to the treatment of Stephen Wood on board of the Sloop of War Ontario complained of by the said Wood in his letter to the Department of the 29th of July last.95 This affair occurred while Lieutenant Farrard was in temporary command of the Ontario, and he seems to have [done] no more than any vigilant and attentive officer would deem necessary in order to preserve cleanliness on board the Ship – Stephen Wood from all that I can learn belongs to that class of persons, who cannot be prevailed upon by any means to keep themselves clean; flogging had been tried but had no effect, and there was no alternative left but to allow him to be filthy or to have him cleaned by others. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully your Obedient Servant W. Branford Shubrick
To: Honorable J. K. Paulding Secretary of the Navy
95 Ebenezer Farrand Midshipman, 4 March 1823, Passed Midshipmen, 23 March 1829, Lieutenant, 3 March 1831 and Commander, 10 July 1854.
Frarand resigned 21 January 1861 to join the Confederate Navy at the start of the Civil War.
[Enclosure]"USS Ontario, Payroll Entry # 75 Stephen Wood, Landsman, for the pay period 1 July to 31 Dec 1839. Wood's entry reflects a total of $59.55
for six months. Like most other naval payrolls and ship musters there is no record of a crewman's race or ethnicity."* * * * * * * * * *
U.S. Ship Ontario
Pensacola Bay August 28, 1839
Commander J. D. Williamson
Sir, The following are the facts in the case of Stephen Wood (a Negro Boy) wherein he complains of cruelty, aggression & barbarous treatment. It has been customary on board this & in fact on board every other ship in which I have ever served to muster the Boys & Servants in the Gangway every evening for the purpose of keeping them cleanly in their persons & clothes, this Stephen Wood had long been a delinquent besides being frequently reported by the Midshipmen (upon whom he attended) for the same offense, in short he was a filthy boy & as is usual upon such occasions I directed the Capt. of the Head, to take him forward into the head & scrub him. They were white washing forward at the time & I directed the Capt. of the Head to whitewash Wood & Scrub him and make him put on clean clothes & then bring him aft for me to look at. Whitewashing struck me as being the best method of cleansing him. He complains that was exposed to laughter & ridiculed by the crew. About that I cannot say as I was not present, you are aware however how much a man is exposed in the Head of a Sloop of War & also that it is the place in which the men bathe & wash. I presume the men might have laughed at him, for I have seldom much sympathy evinced by them, for anyone whose habits make it necessary to come under the Hand of the Capt. of the Head. In about twenty minutes or perhaps half an hour he reported to me as being clean. I examined him & sent him again to his duty, but at that time, not at any time since have I heard him complain of any ill effects from the lime. In fact have never known an instance in which lime had produced any bad effects, but quite to the contrary & there is scarcely a day but that some of the men are covered in whitewash for one or two hours together, when whitewashing the lower parts of the ship & it is considered a very healthy duty by them in this climate.
I would observe that this Wood has been in the habit of writing letters to the Hon. Secretary of the Navy for a long time, which in my opinion is extremely improper & subversive of discipline unless such communications are made to go thro the proper channel.
I am Sir very respectfully Your Obt Servant Ebenezer Frarrand Lieut* * * * * * * * * *
[To] Commodore Wm. B. Shubrick
Commanding U.S. Squadron W. Indies.
PensacolaSir,
Your letter of the 31st ult. No.83 enclosing a communication from Lieut. Ebenezer Farrand has been received. –
Lieutenant Farrand‘s explanation in regard to the treatment of Stephen Wood, on board the Ontario, of which Wood complained in his letter of the 29 July 1829 last, is satisfactory to the Dept,
I am very respectfully your obedient Servant
I. Chauncey
Acting Secretary of the Navy* * * * * * * * * *
US Navy Yard near Pensacola 20 Sept 1838
Sir, I am in the receipt of some letters of the 8th instant in reply to mine of the 27th August. Allotments at hand have been extended to individuals, as [illegible] by the forfeited lease accompanying this. I now send from the names of persons who hold under other leases, a like tenor foundations for homes &c immediately borders on the Yard, which they will conflict, derived from an original Commandant by location of them…I beg leave to note I do not design in my suggestions to interfere with the policy of the government. Slave labor is to be avoided, in every way, if possible, but as it is indispensable here, I meant only to [illegible] reduce the expense thereof, and render the [illegible] more comfortable. My letter with ref kept the scheme exclusively theoretical.
With existing treaties re the impression of slavery, and popular prejudices against it in all aspect, I am perfectly familiar and disposed to adopt the latter to a fair extent. I am Sir Most Respectfully Your Obedient Servant W.C. Bolton
Enclosure: List of persons having leases near the Navy Yard, Pensacola: Isaac Middleton, Peter Borge, Samuel Hamilton, John Sieden, Sidney P. Harris, George Jackson, John Patterson, Samuel Patterson, Foster I. Chapman and John Robinson.
To: Hon. Mahlon Dickerson Secretary of the Navy* * * * * * * * * *
Note: In this letter Commodore William Branford Shubrick described the yellow fever epidemic of 1839 which devastated Pensacola. The rampant illness was such that Shubrick felt it necessary to take the West India Squadron to sea. He also records that he ordered Doctor Hulse and the naval hospital staff to render assistance to the community. The 1839 fever’s high mortality, as historian Ernest Dibble noted, helped bring on a decade of economic depression as the fever returned in six out of the ten years in the 1840’s and severely hindered regrowth.
U. States Frigate Macedonian Pensacola Bay 25th October 1839
Sir, I regret to be obligated to inform you that the fever in Pensacola has assumed a very malignant type, the weather continues warm and dry and there is no indication of an early change for the better.I have under these circumstances after considerable consultation with the medical officers decided to take the Squadron (except the Ontario) to sea for ten days or a fortnight by which time it is reasonably to be expected that there will have [illegible] enough to put a stop to the epidemic.
The condition of Pensacola and the distressed situation of the inhabitants for the want of medical aid there not being a respectable physician resident in the place, and there being besides its own population a number of persons from the afflicted city of Mobile, has induced me to make a temporary arrangement which I hope will meet with your approbation. I have removed Doctor Grenville from the Ontario to this ship and shall leave Doctor Hulse in the Ontario
Doctor Hulse has the full confidence of the People of Pensacola, and it would add greatly to their distress to take him away at this moment. All the ships except the Levant will take to sea their full complement of medical officer of the proper rank. I may add that the family of Doctor Hulse is resident in Pensacola and some of its members are already sick. I hope therefore that I shall be excused for yielding in this instance to the disaster of humanity.
I should have sailed at once on the cruise proposed in my letter of the 23 August and approved by the Department but having an officer and several seamen and marines onboard waiting the action of the Department on the sentence proposed on them severally by a Court Martial I though it most proper not to go on long cruise until they were disposed of. I have the Honor to be very respectfully Your obedient Servant
Wm. Branford Shubrick
To: Honorable J.K. Paulding Secretary of the Navy Washington DC
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U. States Frigate Macedonian Pensacola Bay 7th November 1839
Sir, I returned to the anchorage yesterday and have the satisfaction to learn that the fever at Pensacola has much abated and there have been during my absence no new cases at the Navy Yard. The weather is now quite cool; the thermometer this morning at 6 o’clock was 47˚
On the 30th October one case of fever was reported on board the Levant, and on the 1st of Nov six new cases; judging that the disease would probably spread in that ship, I sent an additional medical officer on board and instructed Commander Smoot to run in an anchor off the Hospital and send his sick as soon as possible. He got in on the morning of the 2nd since which time eleven persons have been sent to the Hospital, one case terminated fatally, and others are considered critically ill proper measures have been taken to cleanse and purify the ship.
On the morning of the 2nd instance the Erie was separated from me in a thick fog and I have not since seen her, but I presume she will be in, in the course of the day as Commander Taylor was instructed in case of separation is to return to this place by the 6th. The Ships of the Squadron, except the Levant, continue to be very healthy. The Ontario has a few cases of intermittent fever after her return from Nassau, but they have ceased. The Warren arrived on the 5th from Vera Cruz, and will as soon as she has taken in the necessary supplies continue her cruise. I enclose Commander Spencer’s report, and have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant Wm. Banford Shubrick
To the Honorable J.K. Paulding, Secretary of the Navy Washington DCNote: Both the above advertisements were printed the same day 18 July 1840 in the Pensacola Gazette. Over a four year period Smart ran away from slaveholder navy agent George Willis four times.96 Smart was an escaped slave of navy agent George Willis. A $10 reward notice appeared in the Pensacola Gazette 25 August 1840. Smart was thirty five years of age and probably worked at the navy yard. He was described as a mulatto 5 ft 2 or 3 inches tall and limping in one leg. Over a four year period Smart had run away from Willis at least four times. He was a most determined man, for even with a lame leg he kept struggling for freedom. There is reason to believe Smart managed to make it to freedom, see Matthew J. Clavin Aiming for Pensacola Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers (Harvard University Press: Cambridge 2015), 108.
On the same page right under the reward notice for Smart is an advertisement for "Cuban Bloodhounds." These dogs were specifically bred and celebrated for their ferocity and tenacity in tracing and subduing runaway slaves like Smart. Dealers in Pensacola and other southern cities routinely imported Blood Hounds from Cuba, then the epicenter for breeding and training these terrifying creatures. Blood Hounds like these were routinely used to pursue, subdue, terrify and on occasion kill runaway slaves. Indeed Smart's leg injury may have been the result of a blood hound, clamping its bone crushing jaws on him.96 Matthew J. Clavin Aiming for Pensacola Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers (Harvard University Press: Cambridge Mass 2015), 108
$10 Reward
Ranaway from the Navy Yard on Monday the 5th instant a short mulatto man named SMART, about 5 feet 3 or 4 inches high, about 35 years old, limps a little. The above reward with all reasonable expenses will be paid for the delivery of the said negro to me at Pensacola.
GEO WILLIS
July 18, 1840BLOOD HOUNDS
A healthy pair (dog and slut) black, Cuba BLOOD HOUND PUPPIES, three months old, for sale. These dogs are very valuable on the trail of runaway slaves, which they trace thirty hours after. Inquire at this office.
Source: Pensacola Gazette 25 July 1840, 3
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NOTICE
WANTED to hire, at the Navy Yard near this place, THIRTY LABORERS; also Eight or Ten JOINERS. For particulars, apply to the Commandant.
THOS. EASTIN, Navy Agent Pensacola 14 March 1840
Source: Pensacola Gazette 21 March 1840, 3Continued: Part III
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John G. “Jack” Sharp resides in Concord, California. He worked for the United States Navy for thirty years as a civilian personnel officer. Among his many assignments were positions in Berlin, Germany, where in 1989 he was in East Berlin, the day the infamous wall was opened. He later served as Human Resources Officer, South West Asia (Bahrain). He returned to the United States in 2001 and was on duty at the Naval District of Washington on 9/11. He has a lifelong interest in history and has written extensively on the Washington, Norfolk, and Pensacola Navy Yards, labor history and the history of African Americans. His previous books include African Americans in Slavery and Freedom on the Washington Navy Yard 1799 -1865, Morgan Hannah Press 2011. History of the Washington Navy Yard Civilian Workforce 1799-1962, 2004.
https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/browse-by-topic/heritage/washington-navy-yard/pdfs/WNY_History.pdf
and the first complete transcription of the Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869, 2007/2015 online:
https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/d/diary-of-michael-shiner.html
His most recent work includes Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814 With The Names of American Wounded From The Battle of Bladensburg 2018,
https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html
The last three works were all published by the Naval History and Heritage Command. John served on active duty in the United States Navy, including Viet Nam service. He received his BA and MA in History from San Francisco State University. He can be reached at sharpjg@yahoo.com
