chesapeake.html

SIR.—Being deeply impressed with the sense of his majesty's anxiety, that full effect should be given to those views of justice and moderation, by which his conduct has been regulated through the whole of the unfortunate transaction whence the present differences have arisen; and of the disappointment with which he would learn the frustration of his just and equitable purposes; I have felt it incumbent upon me, on the receipt of the letter which you did me the honor to address to me on the 5th instant, to apply anew to this matter the most ample and serious consideration. It is with the most painful sensations of regret, that I find myself on the result of it, under the necessity of declining to enter into the terms of negociation, which by direction of the President of the United States, you therein offer. I do not feel myself competent, in the present instance, to depart from those instructions, which I stated in my letter of the 26th January last, and which preclude me from acceding to the condition thus proposed.

I should add, that I am absolutely prohibited from entering upon matters unconnected with the specific object I am authorised to discuss, much less can I thus give any pledge concerning them. The condition suggested, moreover leads to the direct inference, that the Proclamation of the President of the United States of the 2d of July, 1807, is maintained either as an equivalent for reparation for the time being, or as a compulsion to make it.

It is with the more profound regret, that I feel myself under the necessity of declaring, that I am unable to act upon the terms thus proposed; as it becomes my duty to inform you, in conformith to my instructions, that on the rejection of the demand stated in my former letter, on the part of his Majesty, my mission is terminated. And as his Majesty's government in providing me with those instructions, did not conceive that after the declaration of his sentiments respecting the affair of the Chesapeake was made known to this government, that state of any transactions pending or unterminated between the two nations, could justify the perseverance or the enforcement of the President's proclamation, I can exercise no discretion in this point.

As on a former occasion I detailed, though minutely, the motives for that demand, on the part of his Majesty, which I with so much concern learn to be deemed inadmissible by the government of the U. S. I should here abstain from an exposition of them, which visibly can have no further effect upon the negociation, if I did not deem it essential that they should not be left under any misapprehension, which I might be able to remove. I shall therefore take a short review of the transaction which has given rise to these discussions, in order the more correctly to determine the soundness of the principles upon which that demand is made.

Certain deserters from his Majesty's navy, many of them his natural born subjects, having entered into the service of the U. S. were repeatedly and fruitlessly demanded by the British officers, of the recruiting officers of the U. S. but were retained in their new service. As it was a matter of notoriety that several of these deserters were on board the frigate of the U. S. Chesapeake, they were demanded of that frigate on the high seas, by his Majesty's ship Leopard, and all knowledge of their presence on board being denied, she was attacked, and four of them, one avowedly a native Englishman, were taken out of her. Without being deterred by the consideration of how far circumstances hostile in their nature, had provoked, though they undoubtedly by no means justified, this act of the British officer, his Majesty's government directed that a positive disavowal of the right of search asserted in this case, and of the act of the British officer, as being unauthorized, and a promise of reparation, should be conveyed to the American minister in London, before he had made any representation by order of the U. States.

This disavowal made on the second of Aug. last, was transmitted by him to his government, before the 6th of that month; but before Mr. Monroe had received his orders to demand reparation, his Majesty learnt, with what surprise it is needless to dwell upon, that the President of the U. S. had interdicted by his proclamation, bearing date the 2d July, 1807, the entry of all their ports to the whole of his navy. This surprise was certainly encreased, when in the letter delivered by that minister, to require redress for the wrong, although it went into details unconnected with it, not only no concern was expressed on the part of the U. S. at having felt themselves compelled to enact measures of so much injury and indignity towards a friendly power; but no mention was made of the causes of such measures being resorted to, or even of the fact of their having been adopted. In addition to the embarrassment arising from the circumstances, and the insufficiency of the explanations subsequently given to Mr. Canning, the introduction of a subject foreign to that of the complaint, became the main impediment to the success of the discussions which took place in London. When I had the honor to open the negociation with you, sir, as I had learnt that the President's proclamation was still in force, it became my duty, conformably to my instructions, to require its recall, as a preliminary to further discussion; had it not been in force, I was not ordered to have taken it into consideration in the adjustment of reparation; and it was considered as hardly possible, that it should not have been recalled, immediately upon the knowledge of his Majesty's disavowal of the attack upon the Chesapeake, as an unauthorised act.—But his Majesty could not suffer the negociation to be carried on, on his behalf, under an interdict, which even if justifiable in the first moment of irritation, cannot be continued after the declaration of his Majesty's sentiments upon the transaction, except in a spirit of hostility.

It might have been fairly contended, that in the first instance, the exercise of such an act of power, before reparation was refused or unduly protracted, was incompatible with the purposes and essence of pacific negociation, and with a demand of redress through that channel; but such have been his Majesty's conciliatory views, that his argument has not been insisted on, although it might now be the more forcibly urged, as it appears that the government of the U. S. was, from the first, sensible that, even had hostility been meditated by the British government, it would not have commenced it in such a manner. But the exception taken is to the enforcement continued up to the present time, of measures highly unfriendly in their tendency, persisted in, not only after the disavowal in question, the promise of the proffer of suitable reparation, and the renewed assurances of his Majesty's amicable dispositions, but, after security has been given in a public instrument bearing date the 16th Oct. 1807, that the claim to the seizure of deserts from the national ships of other powers, cannot again be brought forward by his Majesty's naval officers. It is unnecessary to dwell upon the injury and indignity to which his Majesty's service is exposed, both as touching the freedom and security of correspondence of his agents, and accredited ministers in the U. S. or as resulting from a measure, which in time of war, excludes the whole of his navy from all their ports; which ports are completely open to the fleets of his enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, that even where exemptions from it are granted, they are made subject to such conditions, that of the three last British ships of war, which have entered these ports upon public business, two of them, his Majesty's ship Statira, having on board a minister sent out for the adjustment of the present differences, and a schooner bearing dispatches, in consequence of their inability to procure pilots, were obliged to enter their waters without such assistance, and were exposed to considerable danger. G. Britain by the forms established, could repair the wrongs committed, even to the satisfaction of the U. S. no otherwise, than by the channel of negociation; yet she avowed distinctly, that a wrong was committed, and that she was ready to make reparation for it; it cannot therefore be contended, that the unavoidable delay of actual reparation, subjected her to the imputation of persisting in an aggression, which was disclaimed from the first; if this is true, however much she will regret any impediment in the adjustment of a difference, in which the feelings of this nation are so materially interested, can she consistently with a due care of her own honor and interests, allow it to be concluded on her part under an adherence to a conduct, which has a decided character of enmity in the proceedings held towards her by the other party.

I know not in what other view the perseverance in the President's proclamation, up to this moment, can be considered, but in that of a measure of retaliation; or of self assumed reparation; or as a measure intended to compel reparation; unless it be that which, if I rightly understand, you define it to be, a measure of precaution.

If, when a wrong is committed, retaliation is instantly resorted to by the injured party, the door to pacific adjustment is closed, and the means of conciliation are precluded. The right to demand reparation is incompatible with the assumption of it. When parties are in a state of mutual hostility, they are so far on a footing, and as such they may treat. But a party disclaiming every unfriendly intention, and giving unequivocal proofs of an amicable disposition, cannot be expected to treat with another, whose conduct towards it has the direct effects of actual hostility. If then, the enforcement of the President's proclamation up to the present moment, is a measure of self-assumed reparation, it is directly repugnant to the spirit and fact of amicable negociation; if it is a measure to compel reparation, it is equally so; and by the perseverance in it, Great Britain is dispensed with the duty of proffering redress. But if it is a measure of precaution, in order to secure reparation, or in order to compel it, it falls under the objections I have just stated. If it is a precaution adopted as a guard against acts of violence apprehended on the part of his majesty's naval officers, it surely cannot be considered as effectual a security as that arising from the renewed assurances of his majesty's friendly disposition, which imply a due observance of the rights of nations with which Great Britain is in amity, by all persons holding authority under his majesty's government, from the disavowal of the pretention of the right of search of national ships; and from the further assurance of that disavowal, given in his majesty's proclamation of the 16th of October last. Neither under these concurrent circumstances can the plea of necessity, it assumes the character of aggression. If these concurrent securities against such an apprehension have any value the necessity no longer exists; if they are of no value, negociation cannot be attempted, as the basis upon which it rests, the mutual confidence of the two parties would be wholly wanting.

From the moment after the unfortunate affair of the Chesapeake, that his majesty's naval commanders, in these waters, had ascertained that they were safe from the effervescence of that popular fury, under which the most glaring outrages were committed, and by which they were very naturally led to the supposition that they were objects of particular hostility, and that a state of war against them, requiring precautions on their part, had commenced, no conduct has been imputed to them which could vindicate the necessity of maintaining in force the President's proclamation. Since that time such of those officers as have been necessitated by the circumstances of the war to remain in these waters, have held no communication with the shore, except in an instance too trifling to dwell upon, and instantly disavowed by the commanding officer; and they have acquiesced quietly in various privations, highly prejudicial to the service they were upon, and in consequence of an interdict, which had they been regardless of their duties towards a state, in amity with their sovereign, and had they not carefully repressed the feelings its tine and language had a direct tendency to provoke in them would have rather excited, than have averted the evils it was stated to be intended to prevent, were they regardful of these duties, it was unnecessary. Had they felt themselves obliged completely to evacuate the waters of the United States, especially whilst an enemy's squadron was harbored in them, they could have done it but under the admission of hostile compulsion, and under such compulsion, carried into full affect, his majesty could not have dissembled the extent of the injury received.

In the several cases adduced, in which Great Britain required certain preliminaries, previously to entering into negociation, she regulated her conduct by the same principles to which she now adheres, and refused, whilst no hospitality was exhibited on her part, to treat with powers, whose proceedings denoted it towards her; and who maintained their right in what they had assumed.

From the considerations thus offered, I trust that neither the order of reason or that of usage are in contradiction to the demand I have urged, nor am I aware how the order of time opposes the revocation in the first instance of that act, which affects injuriously one of the parties and is still avowed by the other.

The subject is thus presented to you, sir, in the light which it was natural that it should offer itself to his majesty's government. It certainly conceived the president's proclamation to rest chiefly, and most materially upon the attack made upon the frigate of the United States, the Chesapeake, by his majesty's ship the Leopard, although other topics were adduced as accessories. In this apprehension it may be held to have been sufficiently warranted, by the precise time at which, and the circumstances under which it was issued, and by its whole context, and the more so, as the impulse under which it was drawn up, appears to have been so sudden as to have precluded a due examination of all the grounds of allegation contained in it. And here I beg leave to assure you, that with respect to the spirit and tone of that instrument, it would be highly satisfactory to me, if I could feel myself justified in expressing on the part of his majesty any degree of coincidence with the opinions you have announced, or when thus appealed to, and making every allowance for the irritation of the moment, I could dissemble the extreme surprise experienced by Great Britain, that the government of a friendly nation, even before an amicable demand of reparation was made, and yet meaning to make that demand, should have issued an edict directing measures of injury very disproportionate to what it knew was an unauthorized offence, and both in its terms and its purport so injurious to the government to which that demand was to be addressed, and tending to call forth in both nations, the feelings under which a friendly adjustment would be the most difficult. But if, as I learn from you, sir, the proclamation rests substantially on other causes, it is then peculiarly to be regretted, that, together with the demand fro redress made in September last, the government of the United States did not think fit to offer a negociation, or an explanation of so momentous a measure, or to declare that its recall must be more or less connected with the adjustment of other alleged wrongs. Neither did it think it necessary to return any answer to the remonstrance given in by his majesty's envoy at Washington, on the 13th July, 1807, in which he represented "that he considered that interdiction to be so unfriendly in its object, and so injurious in its consequences to his majesty's interests, that he could not refrain from expressing the most sincere regret that it ever should have been issued, and most earnestly deprecating its being enforced."

It could not be supposed that a circumstance of so great weight could be overlooked by his majesty's government, in determining the line of conduct to be pursued in the negotiation: & as little could it be expected to pass it over, when on the failure of the discussion with Mr. Monroe, it directed a special mission to be sent to the United States. It had the less reason to imagine that any other grievances could be connected with that for the adjustment of which I am empowered to negotiate, as Mr. Monroe, in his letter to Mr. Canning of the 29th of July last, had stated with respect to other subjects of remonstrance that it was improper to mingle them with the present more serious cause of complaint; an opinion to which Mr. Canning declared his perfect assent in his letter to that minister of the 2d of the subsequent month; so that this act was left as single and distinct, to be singly and distinctly, considered. His majesty's government, therefore, could not consistently with any view of the subject then before it, or indeed with the just object of my mission, direct or empower me to enter upon matters not connected with that of the Chesapeake: and they could with the lest propriety do it, as in order to render the adjustment of differences of such a nature, the more easy and the more conspicuous, the ministers charged especially with such offices have been, with few if any exceptions, restricted to the precise affair to be negotiated. With respect there fore to those other causes of complaint, upon which you informed me that the president's proclamation rests, I cannot be furnished with documents enabling me either to admit or to controvert those sentiments of grievance, foreign to the attack upon that ship, contained in your letter, or authorized to discuss the matters themselves. I shall therefore not allow myself to offer such comments as my personal knowledge of some of those transactions suggest to me, although their tendency would materially affect both the marked manner in which those transactions are portrayed, and the disadvantageous lights in which his majesty's government is presented to have acted respecting them. I am moreover led to the persuasion that my government will be the more easily able to rescue itself from inculpation, by the inference arising from passages in Mr. Monroe's letter to Mr. Secretary Canning, of the 29th of September last, that the differences unhappily existing between the two nations were in a train of adjustment.

If his majesty has not permitted me to enter into the discussion of the search of neutral merchant ships for British seamen, together with the adjustment of the amount of reparation for the attack upon the Chesapeake; it was no wise with a view of precluding the further agitation of that question at a suitable time; but it was that the negotiation might be relieved from the embarrassment arising from the connection of the present matter with the one so foreign to it, and, as it was but too well know, so difficult to be adjusted of a right distinctly disclaimed, with one which Great Britain has at all times asserted, of enforcing her claim to the service of her natural born subjects, when found on board merchant vessels of other nations; a claim which she founds in that principle of universal law, which gives to the state the right of requiring the aid and assistance of her native citizens. The recurrence, therefore, to that course of negociation, which had been originally settled between Mr. secretary Canning and Mr. Monroe, and which had been alone broken in upon by the orders subsequently received by that minister, can only be considered as a resumption of that course of things which Great Britain strenuously contended there was no ground to depart from. I may observe, that this purpose might have been effected without the intervention of a special minister.

It will be in your recollection, sir, that in our first interview, I stated the condition, which makes the subject of the present letter, before I was informed by you, that the president of the United States would consent to the separation of the two subjects.

I had trusted that the exposition, which I added in my letter of the 26th of January to the verbal explanation I had before offered, of the grounds of his majesty's demand, was both in its purport, and in the terms in which it was couched, such as to prevent a suspicion that they were in their intention derogatory to the honor, or calculated to wound the just sensibility of this nation. I may add, that such a supposition could not be reconciled with the various ostensible and unequivocal demonstrations of his majesty's good faith and anxiety, that this transaction should be brought to an amicable termination, which were exhibited even prior to any remonstrances on the part, or by order of this government. The other topics which I felt myself authorized to advance in that letter, in illustration of that amicable disposition on the part of the king, were brought forward from the conviction I entertained that they must be of a nature to be satisfactory to this government, and therefore, such as it was particularly my duty to enforce; but not with a view to rest upon them the right to advance the claim which I have stated.

I may here remark, it is obvious that far from requiring that the first steps towards an arrangement of reparation should be taken by the United States, Great Britain has already made them openly and distinctly: they are indubitable testimonies to the respect borne and decidedly marked by Great Britain, to the ties of amity subsisting between the two nations, and of her cordial desire to maintain them unimpaired; and as such alone they were urged.

As his majesty would have derived sincere satisfaction from the evidence of corresponding feelings on the part of the United States, so it would be the more painful to me to dwell upon a series of insults and menaces, which, without any provocation of warlike preparation on the part of Great Britain, have been for months accumulated upon her through the U. States, and but too frequently from quarters whose authority necessarily and powerfully commanded attention.

I ought, perhaps to apologize for adverting to an incidental expression in your letter, if I did not think it right to remove any ambiguity respecting the nature of the claim which Great Britain maintained to her seamen, native citizens of the realm, who have deserted form her service to that of other powers; it is, that on demand they shall be discharged forthwith, and consequently they shall instantly be freed from their newly contracted obligations.

Before I close this letter, allow me to state to you, sir, that I have felt it my duty to transmit to my majesty's government, the exposition contained in your letter of the 5th inst. of the various demands on the honor and good faith of Great Britain, on which the complaint is made, that satisfaction has not been afforded to the United States, and on which conjointly with the affair of the Chesapeake, you inform me that the proclamation of the president of the United States of the second of July, 1807, is founded. It will be for his majesty's government to determine, on the part of Great Britain, whether any and what obligations remain to be fulfilled by her.—Whether any denial, or such protraction of redress have occurred on her part, as to render necessary or justifiable the perseverance in an edict, which, when not necessary or justifiable, assumes a character of aggression; and whether on the result of these considerations, the present negotiation can be resumed on the part of his majesty, with a due regard for his own honor, or with a prospect of a more successful termination. I have the honor to be,

With the highest consideration, sir,
Your obedt. and most humb. servant,
G. H. ROSE.

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THE LITTLE WARSHIP THAT NEVER QUITE COULD

By Paul Clancy
[Courtesy of the author]

THE VIRGINIAN-PILOT
Sunday, June 17, 2007

Postcard: U. S. Frigate Chesapeake
Built 1799 at Gosport Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia.

If ever there was a star-croosed ship, it was the Chesapeake. The 38-gun frigate, built at the Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth, was shorter, beamier and slower than her famous sisters, Constitution and Constellation.

An odd duck, really, foreshortened because the scarce oak was diverted for the other ships.

And unlucky.

The last of six warship that gave birth to the U. S. Navy, the Chesapeake suffered from delays and disputes among builders and naval architects. Finally, after being fitted out near Hampton, the vessel stood out into Hampton Roads on a clear Monday morning, June 22, 1807, and set sail for the Mediterranean to relieve the Constitution. A gentle southwest breeze filled square-rigged sails.

Lying at anchor in Lynnhaven Bay was a squadron of British ships. Nothing to worry about, the officers of the Chesapeake thought, as they steered east into the Atlantic. We were still on friendly terms with the mother country, although there was one issue that rankled both sides--deserters.

Many sailors of the Royal Navy had gone missing and there was reason to believe some of them were aboard the Chesapeake. But impressment, the taking of American sailors to fill out British crews, was equally onerous.

One of the ships from the squadron, HMS Leopard, also had set sail and, several miles off the coast, sent a boarding party to the American ship and demanded the right to muster and inspect the crew. When Commodore James Barron refused, the Leopard fired a warning shot and prepared to attack.

The Chesapeaks was in no position to fight. Rushed into leaving, its decks were cluttered with lumber, casks of wine, furniture and baggage. The gun deck was worse, a junkyard of anchor cables, hammocks and various other hindrances. Not a single gun was primed and ready, and when the drums beat to quarters, "chaos reigned aboard the Chesapeake," according to a new book, "Six Frigates: The Epic History of the founding of the U. S. Navy," by Ian W. Toll.

At 4:30 p.m., the Leopard opened fire on the Chesapeake from pistol-shop range. Most of the balls struck Chesapeake amidships, creating secondary explosions of splinters on the interior walls of the bulwarks and gun deck. A few crashed through the rigging, sending down a rain of cordage and fragments of spars.

By the second and third broadsides, the Chesapeake lay in ruins, able to fire only one gun, for honor's sake. Four crew members lay dead or dying and 17 others were wounded.

Barron had no choice but to send up the white flag of surrender. It was both a humiliating and infuriating loss. Angry crowds were on Norfolk and Portsmouth wharves when the battered ship limped home, and the nation nearly went to war with Britain then and there, rather than five years later.

Junior officers on the Chesapeake felt that they had disgraced themselves. Barron was court-martialed and found guilty of "neglecting to clear his ship for action." Several duels were fought over the loss, including one years later in which an insulted Barron shot and killed Stephen Decatur, an American naval hero.

Six years later, the Chesapeake had one chance at redemption. Under the command of James Lawrence, the ship sailed out of Boston Harbor and challenged the British warship Shannon. On June 1, 1813, the two exchanged savage gunfire, but the Shannon got the better of the argument. Of the 150 men stationed on the Chesapeake's quarterdeck, 100 were killed or wounded, including nearly all the American officers.

Wounded and bleeding to death, Lawrence cried out, famously, "Don't give up the ship."

In fact, by then, there was no choice other than surrender. The Chesapeake was taken as a prize of war and eventually broken up to make houses and a mill-- the "Chesapeake Mill" -- in Wickham, England.

There is a model of the Chesapeake and an exhibit that illustrates both battles at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum at Nauticus. The display case for the model includes a piece of wood that was removed from the mill and returned to the United States in 1996.

At 1 p.m. Saturday, the museum and the Norfolk Historical Society will host a lecture at Fort Norfolk by military historian Spencer C. Tucker, co-author of the book "Injured Honor." The talk is free and open to the public.

Part II.

Sunday, June 24, 2007

I've read secondary accounts of the almost-war-provoking attack but now hold in my hands a copy of an intriguing original document, "Papers Presented to the House of Commons, relating to the encounter between His Majesty's Ship Leopard and the American Frigate Chesapeake," ordered to be printed "17th February 1809."

The 37-page account, detailing the wounds inflicted on the ship and the wounded honor suffered by the fledging naval power, was obtained by a collector of historic memorablia, Marcus Robbins of Elizabeth City. He could not resist buying the well-preserved 198-year-old printed original from a British researcher.

It's better than most history books because of the unedited raw details. It begins with a note to James Monroe, then minister to England, by British Foreign Secretary George Canning, advising of a "transaction" between the two ships involving the loss of lives and expressing "sincere concern and sorrow" on behalf of His Majesty's Government.

Four days later, as reports reach Monroe, the diplomatic fur begins to fly. Monroe expresses "outrage" at the attack.

"By accounts which are entitled to full confidence, it appears, that on the 23rd of June last (it was actually the 22nd), His Majesty's Ship the Leopard attacked an American Frigate off the coast of the United States with a view to affect and enforce the unfounded and most unjustifiable pretension to search for deserts . . . "

The Leopard nearly blew the American ship out of the water, then carried off four suspected deserts. The action, Monroe says, "is rendered more reprehensible from the consideration that just before this aggression he held a station within the jurisdiction of the United States." He was referring to the British squadron's presence in Lynnhaven Bay. By the time the letters are exchanged, President Jefferson had already ordered all British ships out of American waters.

You can imagine Monroe furiously scratching with quill and ink, admonishing the offending power of this "flagrant abuse," for which it must issue without delay "a frank disavowal of the principle on which it was made, and its assurance that the Officer who is responsible for it, shall sugger the punishment which so unexampled an aggression on the sovereignty of a Neutral Nation justly deserves.

The document reveals the intensity of the damage by three broadsides unleashed at almost peashooter range on the hopelessly unprepared Chesapeake: three sailors dead (a fourth would die from his wounds), eight badly wounded and 10 slightly wounded, including Commodore James Barron.

There's a transcribed copy of the Chesapeake's log, in which the futile effort to respond to the Leopard and the decision to haul down the colors are described, as well as Barron's famously lame note to the British commander: "I consider the Frigate Chesapeake your prize and am ready to deliver her to any officer authorized to receive her."

The British refused to take the prize but instead seized the suspected deserters and left the wounded ship to limp back to Hampton Roads.

A survey attests to the methodical accuracy of the Leopard gunners: "Twenty-two round shot in the hull, viz.twenty-one on the starboard and one on the larboard side." The fore and main masts were destroyed, with only the mizzen, although "badly wounded . . . not incapable of being reparied." Most of the shrouds and many of the stays had been shot away, and the sails were full of holes.

The Chesapeake-Leopard affair sent shock waves across the nation. Angry crowds gathered on Norfolk and Portsmouth wharfs, smashing casks of fresh water the British recently had purchased. War with Britain would be devasting, but, as the local Gazette and Public Ledger put it, "we look upon it as degrading beneath contempt if wer are to submit to such an insult."

Marcus Robbins, like other amateur history buffs, began collecting postcards, then maps, pins, buttons, newspapers and stereoscopic photos. It becomes harder to resist these scraps of history that fall from the rafters of time, but, he says, "You have to know when to quit."

Still, he mentions with a certain far-off look how sometimes pieces of wood from the ship, which was dismantled and used for a mill in England, become available.

There's already one at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum, but one can never have too much cool historical stuff.

* * * * * *

(Frigate: tonnage 1,244; length 152'8"; beam 41'3"; depth. 20'1"; complement. 340; armament 30 18-pounders, 12 32-pounders)

The frigate Chesapeake grew out of a resolution from the House of Representatives, 2 January 1794. "That a Naval force adequate to the protection of commerce of the United States against Algerine corsairs ought to be provided." Six frigates were built; United States, Constellation, Constitution, President, Congress and Chesapeake.

In 1794, the State of Virginia confiscated the property of one of the most prominent men in Virginia, the President of the Virginia Court of Merchants, Andrew Sprowle. One of Sprowle's more profitable business ventures was the development of the Gosport Virginia shipyard, which the British Navy used to supply, careen and refit ships. At the outbreak of war, Sprowle showed loyalty to the King and fled to England. His property was seized by Virginia, which began building ships for the Continental and State Navies. Sprowle’s confiscated property was located on the Southern Branch or the Elizabeth River and leased to the United States government to build the frigate Chesapeake. William Pennock, a merchant who was reputed to own some 40 square rigged vessels engaged in foreign trade, was appointed Naval Agent. Captain Richard Dale, the prospective Captain of the vessel, was assigned superintendent. Directed by Josiah Fox, an English Quaker shipwright, and under the supervision of John T. Morgan, a master ship builder, men were sent Georgia to find a readily available supply of oak and red cedar to build the frigate.

Chesapeake’s construction was suspended in 1796 when peace was achieved with Algiers. The United States and the Dey of Algiers developed a treaty that permitted American merchantmen to freely sail the Mediterranean. In return, Hassan Pasha, the Dey of Algiers, would receive concessions including a lump sum of $642,500, and annual payments of $21,600. The treaty was ratified on 2 March 1796.

On 30 April 1798, Benjamin Stoddert of Maryland was appointed the first Secretary of the Navy. The renewed urgency in a Federal Navy, stemmed from the Dey of Algiers discontent with the concessions granted by the United States. Barbary pirates attacking merchantmen underscored the need for a standing Navy in both war and peace. Also, the XYZ Affair weakened the relationship between the United States and France, leading to privateers to exploit the weaknesses of American merchantmen in the West Indies. Stoddert then reauthorized Chesapeake’s completion, requesting her construction expedited.

Fox suggested that one way to reduce the time it would take to complete Chesapeake was to reduce her over all size. Modifying the length and design of the stern would expedite the build time by almost half. On 17 August 1798, the new plans were approved by Stoddert, and Josiah Fox was sent back to Gosport to complete the project. Chesapeake's design was unusual compared with that of the other five frigates. She was considered an oddity and often described as an "unfortunate ship". Her keel was the last to be laid down of the six frigates, she was originally named Frigate "D" and renamed Chesapeake even though there was already a Sloop named Chesapeake, she also didn’t honor a feature of the Constitution. The largest and most important difference between her and the other frigates was her size.

The redesigned project; shortened the length to 152'6", reduced the beam to 40'11", lightened the ship to 1244 tons and decreased the armament from 44 guns to 36, eventually increased to 38. These changes created a ship 13% shorter than the Constellation and Constitution but with a wider beam which made her heavier and slower. The overall price was also reduced to $220, 678. Chesapeake was launched on 2 December 1799 at the Gosport Navy Yard and commissioned on 22 May 1800 with Captain Samuel Barron in command. Barron, a Virginia native who was a Lieutenant in the Virginia Navy at the close of the Revolutionary War, became a merchantman to make ends meet after the war. In 1798, Barron became a newly commissioned Lieutenant in the U.S. Navy. Within one year, Barron was promoted to Captain and awaiting his command of the frigate Chesapeake.

The French, though not technically at war with United States, had begun capturing merchantmen en route to nations at war with France. The Quasi-War with France, led French privateers to ransack American ships, claim their goods as prizes and scuttle or sail the captured ships to French ports. As early as 28 May 1798, more then a year before Chesapeake was launched, John Adams issued instructions to his Navy Commanders, stating that they "are hereby authorized, instructed and directed to subdue, seize and take any armed vessels of the French Republic."

No such opportunity presented itself to Chesapeake and her crew, who sailed from Norfolk on 6 June 1800. She patrolled for enemy cruisers and privateers and convoyed American merchantmen around the islands of St. Kitts, St. Thomas and St. Bartholomew then back to the U.S. mainland. In early January 1801, Chesapeake underwent a chase of over fifty hours to take the French privateer La Jeune Creole as a prize, who had jettisoned six of her sixteen guns to outrun her pursuer, but was eventually captured. La Jeune Creole, within a span of thirty days, had captured the American ship Hibernia, commanded by Captain James Fanning of Boston and the British ship Ludlow, commanded by Captain Matthews of St. Johns, New Brunswick. Barron placed Lieutenant Sinclair and a small crew on board La Jeune Creole and sailed for Norfolk, arriving on 15 January 1801.

On 3 February 1801, the French peace treaty was ratified and Chesapeake sailed from Basseterre, West Indies back to Norfolk. She was placed in ordinary on 26 February 1801 and her crew discharged. At the end of the Quasi-war, the Navy Department had only retained nine Captains, thirty six Lieutenants and one hundred and fifty midshipmen on full pay and just six frigates were to remain employed. Chesapeake is designated as one of the thirteen ships to remain in service for the Navy. Many of the other ships were broken up or sold at auction. Chesapeake was laid up in ordinary for most of 1801.

On 27 April 1802, Chesapeake was readied for departure from Hampton Roads Virginia. On May 14 1801, in a symbolic way of declaring war, the Bashaw of Tripoli, Yusuf Karamanli, sent men to the U.S. Consulate to chop down the flag pole. The U.S. Government, unaware of the declaration, was beginning to develop a squadron suitable to send to the Mediterranean to protect American trading interests. Despite the concessions, the Barbary powers were continuing to prey on merchantmen. During the spring of 1802, Commodore Thomas Truxtun was assigned command of Chesapeake. His squadron consisted of; the 32-gun light Frigate Essex and the 36-gun Philadelphia, who were still in the Mediterranean; the 36-gun Constellation, Captain Alexander Murray; the 28-gun Adams, Captain Hugh Campbell; the 36-gun New York, Captain James Barron; the 28-gun John Adams, Captain John Rodgers; and the 12-gun Enterprise, Lieutenant Sterrit.

Truxtun demanded a Captain for his flagship from the Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith. Smith, unwilling to compromise with Truxtun, relieved him of his command and replaced him with Captain Richard V. Morris. Morris commanded Truxtun's flagship and succeeded him as the Commodore of the squadron. Four days out of Norfolk while en route to Gibraltar, Chesapeake met with foul weather where she suffered damage to her mast spars and rigging. It took until 26 May 1802 for Chesapeake to reach Gibraltar. Further inspection in port showed that her mast was rotting and needed to be replaced. The repairs to her mast were completed in June. For the next year, Chesapeake led the blockade of Tripoli, and convoyed American merchantmen until 6 April 1803. When she departed Gibraltar for the U.S., arriving at the Navy Yard where she was laid up in ordinary.

Navy Secretary Smith ordered Commodore James Barron to take command of the U.S. squadron in the Mediterranean, commissioning Chesapeake as his flag ship. Barron had only visited Chesapeake twice in the days leading up to her departure, leaving the cruise details to Master Commandant Charles Gordon the acting Captain under Barron.

Tension increased over the violation of American neutrality and the impressments of sailors by the Royal Navy. These allegations stemmed from British ships reprovisioning their ships in Norfolk and suffering desertion. In June 1807, HMS Melampus was seeking supplies when at least four sailors deserted. These sailors went ashore and signed up for duty with American ships including the frigate Chesapeake.

In June 1807, Chesapeake prepared for patrol duty and stood out of Hampton Roads. Chesapeake departed Cape Henry Virginia on 22 June. Overloaded with passengers and cargo she passed a British squadron off the coast of Virginia looking for French ships. Chesapeake was doing double duty as its own supply ship; she was stocked with provisions, stores, baggage and spare ammunition. The vacant corners or her hull were filled with lumber, casks of wine, an armorer’s forge and anvil, a horse, grindstone and the baggage of her crew and guests. Chesapeake’s officers were under the impression that they would have time to prepare before they made way so they left a thick anchor cable obscuring her gun deck. The ship's surgeon had also placed the crews’ sick list on the spar deck for fresh air and sunlight, rendering the vessel unfit for battle.

On 22 June, late in the afternoon, the HMS Leopard overtook Chesapeake. Leopard sent over an officer with a message from her commanding officer, Captain Salusbury Humphreys. Humphrey's requested Barron to muster his sailors and check for deserters. Barron refused this request on the grounds that only he and his officers have the right to muster their sailors. Forty five minutes passed and Humphrey’s yelled over to Chesapeake, but Barron replied that he was unable to understand him. Shortly after the parlay, Leopard fired on Chesapeake. Barron beat to quarters but the warship was caught completely off-guard, with powder horns unfilled, matches unlit and cannons fouled. Humphrey's continued to fire for ten minutes before Barron struck colors, but not before he ordered at least one cannon fired as a symbolic gesture. The unprepared Chesapeake lost 3 killed and 18 wounded including the Captain. Four supposed deserters were carried off by the British.

After the Chesapeake-Leopard incident, James Barron received a five year suspension from the Navy based on an inquiry and court martial from fellow officers. The court found that Barron showed negligence by not putting the ship in perfect order before they had set sail, failed to see the suspicious movements of Leopard and shown indecision in his orders. Barron, a landless seaman with a family of six, a wife and five daughters, turned to the merchant service to support himself. At the start of the War of 1812, Barron was serving as a merchant captain on an American owned brig, sailing between Lisbon and Copenhagen. The command of Chesapeake's squadron was turned over to Commodore Stephen Decatur.

The United States and Argus left Boston in October of 1812. Chesapeake was commanded by Captain Samuel Evans and was the third ship in the squadron. She was still refitting and unable to make sail until 17 December. Evans headed to the cruising ground to rendezvous with the squadron, between 24 and 30 degrees West longitude, and captured two British merchantmen that had left their convoy in South America. The British Ship Volunteer was captured on 12 January 1813 bound from Liverpool to Bahia with a considerable amount of dry goods on board. Evans placed a crew on her and with orders to sail for the United States. The next day, another sail was spotted on the horizon. At 11 a.m., Chesapeake hoisted British colors and boarded the brig Liverpool Hero in an attempt to collect information regarding the remainder of the convoy. Although there was little of value on board, Evans decided to use her main mast to replace one of Chesapeake's main top masts that had been destroyed in a storm days prior.

Captain Evans, gambling on the prospect of more merchantmen captures, decided to forgo finding the squadron and left Chesapeake in the cruising grounds. The British brig Earl Percy was captured on 5 February bound from Bonavista to Brazil with a cargo of salt. She was assigned a prize master and sent to America. Two weeks passed and due to poor weather they had failed to capture any more ships. They sailed for Surinam, which led to another two weeks without any merchantmen captures, though on 7 April she recaptured the American schooner Valerius from a British prize master. On 10 April, the Masters of Volunteer and Liverpool Hero were paroled and placed on Earl Percy bound for America. On board Chesapeake were between 40 and 50 prisoners taken from the merchantmen. She then turned north to Barbados and sailed up the East coast of the United States where she arrived in Boston.

Secretary of Navy Jones sent correspondence to Evans to make haste in the outfitting of Chesapeake with as little cost as possible to the Navy. Evans, exhausted from a four month cruise, and suffering from a problematic eye injury requested a shore assignment. Captain James Lawrence, the victorious commander of the Hornet-Peacock incident, had been just given command of the New York Navy Yard. Reassigned as the Captain of Constitution and further reassigned to Chesapeake in early May. On 18 May 1813, Lawrence arrived in Boston and reluctantly reported for duty to Commodore William Bainbridge. He took command of Chesapeake on 20 May 1813. Lawrence assigned the twenty years old Lt. Augustus C. Ludlow, as First Lieutenant and Midshipmen William S. Cox and Edward J. Ballard were made acting Lieutenants.

At the end of May 1813, Captain Phillip B.V. Broke, commander of the 38-gun royal frigate Shannon climbed into the main rigging of his ship to get a look for himself of the condition and state of Chesapeake in Boston Harbor. At seeing for himself that she was ready to sail, Broke sent a hastily written letter to James Lawrence on 1 June, issuing the challenge of a ship to ship duel. Ship to ship duels were clearly against American naval strategic interests, which focused more on breaking up and preying on British shipping. A ship could be laid up for repairs for months after a ship to ship duel, resulting in a significant reduction in the power of fledgling American Navy. Although Lawrence did not receive the letter, which arrived the same day Chesapeake set sail, based on his past successes Lawrence no doubt expected another victory in a ship to ship battle.

Lawrence along with half of his officers and around one quarter of Chesapeake's crew were new to the ship, many of which had not even practiced firing the cannons or small arms. On Tuesday 1 June at 8 a.m. Lawrence commanded Chesapeake to set sail in Shannon's wake, hoisting a banner with the motto "Free Trade and Sailors Rights". Broke a careful, skillful, disciplinarian of a seaman, who had commanded Shannon for seven years, was determined to fight well outside of Boston harbor to insure Chesapeake could not receive assistance from shore boats. Shannon's crew were crack seaman, more experienced than the men aboard Chesapeake and familiar with their ship.

At 4.30 p.m., Shannon hove to with her bow pointed to the South-East. Chesapeake was moving at 6 to 7 knots compared to Shannon's slow headway. Commanding the weather-gauge allowed Chesapeake a significant advantage in choosing an offensive position before Shannon could gain enough headway to maneuver. Lawrence intended to bring the ships yard arm to yard arm. Broke anticipated this and prepared his starboard battery. By 5.45 p.m., the action had commenced with Chesapeake hauled up on Shannon's starboard side. Within a pistol shot, they exchanged between two and three broadsides. The broadsides and exchange of small arms fire shot away Chesapeake's rigging, killing three men at the wheel, including the sailing master Lieutenant White, and it wounded Captain Lawrence with a musket ball lodged under his knee cap. Out of the 150 men stationed on the spar deck almost 100 had been killed or wounded within the first two minutes, including nearly all of the officers.

Chesapeake's sails, rigging and helm had been destroyed which rendered the ship unable to maneuver. Shannon's crew continued their relentless fire, killing First Lt. Ludlow and further wounding Captain Lawrence with a shot fired by a British marine. The ships rigging became entangled together and Broke called for boarders. Broke led a charge of boarders after a grenade was thrown into an open chest of musket charges on Chesapeake's deck, which exploded and camouflaged the boarding party in smoke. With no officers to rally them, Chesapeake's remaining defenders were backed into the forecastle.

Captain Lawrence, mortally wounded below deck, continued to demand a boarding party and uttered "Don’t give up the ship" and "Fight her till she sinks" when he realized that all was lost. Within minutes of Shannon's crew boarding Chesapeake, the fighting was over and the white ensign of St. George flew over Chesapeake. The Chesapeake-Shannon incident was the bloodiest naval battle of the war. Two hundred and eighty men were dead or wounded from small arms fire. Lawrence, mortally wounded, died en route to Halifax. He was wrapped in CHESAPEAKE'S ensign and given full military honors when they reached Halifax on 6 June 1813. Chesapeake was then commissioned as HMS Chesapeake and sold at auction to a private buyer in Plymouth, England. She was broken up after the war and some of her principal pieces of timber were used to build the Chesapeake Mill, a commercial flour mill, in Wickham England.