Military: Civil War: Part Two: Chapters VI-XII: ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, 114th REGT. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS, COLLIS' ZOUAVES
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MUSIC ON THE MARCH,
1862 - '65,
WITH THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC.
114th REGT. P.V., COLLIS' ZOUAVES.
By FRANK RAUSCHER.
PHILADELPHIA: PRESS OF WM. F. FELL & CO., 1220-24 SANSOM STREET. 1892
Copyright 1892, by FRANK RAUSCHER.
CHAPTER VI. 104
WILLIAMSPORT - HARPER'S FERRY - SULPHUR SPRINGS.
July 12. - Once more we are confronting the rebel army. After
reconnoitering the position, General Meade, finding the enemy strongly
intrenched, called a council of war of his corps commanders, who were
almost unanimously against making an attack. Nothwithstanding this
adverse feeling, he was desirous to assault the menacing rebels, and
finally decided to do so on the morning of the 14th. By almost
superhuman efforts the Confederates succeeded in reconstructing the
bridges, and during the night of the 13th they accomplished the task of
transferring their army, with their heavy trains and artillery, to the
southern side of the Potomac. Our army soon followed and marched over
the same ground they had occupied. This gave our men an opportunity to
see the strength of the rebel position, and they were unanimously of
the opinion that we could not have taken it; and they knew what they
were talking about quite as well, and sometimes better, than their
generals, as to what a strong position was.
When morning came, however, the bird had flown, and the people, while
perfectly satisfied in being freed from the invasion, at the same time
expressed disappointment, as they expected the whole rebel army would
be bagged. The Administration, too, found
WISDOM OF GENERAL MEADE. 105
fault with Meade, whereupon he promptly offered his resignation,
claiming that he did his duty to the best of his ability, and, if some
one else could do better, he was ready and willing to get out of the
way. The Government would not accept his resignation, at the same time
disclaiming any intent to censure him, only meaning its censorship as
an incentive to renewed energy.
Such a watchful commander as Lee could not be easily bagged. He
undoubtedly had arranged his line of retreat before the battle of
Gettysburg begun, just as did Meade, in case the field had been finally
turned against him. And then, too, our army was in no condition to
attack a strongly intrenched line, such as Lee had at Williamsport; the
men were really fought out, used up, and we had but a single corps, the
6th, in good fighting trim. In fact, it was compulsory for Meade to
halt a day or two at Middletown in order to receive new supplies, for
many of the men were actually without shoes and other indispensable
articles. It required some time to have these necessaries distributed
among our men, and this favored Lee with the opportunity to select and
strengthen his very favorable position. It was afterward ascertained
that the thoroughly fortified rebels wished for nothing better than to
have been attacked at Williamsport; then and there Lee expected to
atone for the Gettysburg defeat. They were heard to say: "Now we have
Meade where we want him; let him come on; but the Old Fox is too
cunning."
The defeat to our army there would no doubt have rendered fruitless the
great victory at Gettysburg, and at the same time have infused into the
Rebellion a new lease of life.
106 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
A portion of the rebel army, consisting of Ewell's corps and a part of
Longstreet's, waded the river at Falling Waters, just below
Williamsport, where they were overtaken by our troops, and a sharp
action was engaged in. Among the killed was the rebel General
Pettigrew, and we captured about two thousand prisoners. General Lee
then retreated southward, taking the south side of the Potomac, while
our army continued in, pursuit on the other side of the river.
July 15. - General French now assumed command of our corps, and on this
day we marched through Sharpsburg, encamping a few miles beyond. We
soon discovered that the new commander was extremely fond of the music
of the band, and on this same day we tendered him our first serenade;
he was almost captivated, if not captured, as he so expressed himself,
by the stirring programme unfolded for him. Although at this time there
was another band in our division, which we had thought would relieve us
of some of our duties as musicians, it did not so happen, for the
Zouave Band, on going through the towns, was uniformly directed to lead
the line of march and play at headquarters in the evening.
July 16. - Had reveille at 3.30 A.M., packed up in a hurry, and was
soon on the march again, passing through Greenville, where we saw one
thousand half-clad rebel prisoners, who were taken by our cavalry in
the recent movements since the battle of Gettysburg. The march this day
led mainly through shady groves, where we were also blessed with an
abundance of good water and plenty of berries; in all of this march the
one treat to the hardtack soldiers most keenly enjoyed and not soon
forgotten. As soon as the
JOHN BROWN'S FORT. 107
men made camp they rushed out with their tin cups to the inviting
luxury, and so thick was the fruit on the bushes that each man soon
returned with his cup full of ripe blackberries. With the help of a
little sugar, which was always received as a part of the rations, every
man was provided with a rich dessert to his monotonous bill of daily
fare.
July 17. - Under a relentless rain storm again we broke camp and went
on foot, the water falling in pelting torrents as we continued the
march, and our clothes being soaked to the wringing point. In this
condition we reached the Potomac late in the evening, at Harper's
Ferry, where we crossed the river on pontoons. Apparently in this town
there was a stronger Union feeling among the inhabitants, in proportion
to the population, than was found elsewhere in Virginia. This was
owing, probably, to the fact that the adult residents were principally
made up of Northern mechanics and their families, the most of whom were
attracted there by the employment given them in the Government
workshops, which were then in ruins. The impression among our men, who
represented every branch of industry, was that Harper's Ferry, with its
magnificent water power, ought to be a prominent manufacturing
locality, and that such it would surely be if in a Northern section of
the country. As we marched through that now historic place, and passed
what was known as "Old John Brown's Fort," our band with more spirit
than ever before struck up the popular air, "John Brown's body lies
mouldering in the grave." Following a serpentine mountain path, which
had to be made in single file, we finally reached the summit of Loudon
Heights,
108 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
where an uninterrupted view of the surrounding country and charming
landscape was had.
Not many places in this country coming under our own observation
present a grander scene than opens to the sight from the top of Loudon
Heights, the endless panorama being of a most interesting character.
The Virginians have christened this spot the "Switzerland of America,"
and its picturesque beauty renders it worthy of the comparison. Here
the Shenandoah reaches a junction with the Potomac, and the combined
waters of these rivers flow through a gap at the mountain ridge.
Looking down from Loudon Heights, sleeping in the hollow is seen
Harper's Ferry, and opposite the Maryland Heights rise to majestic
proportions. From this point is also enjoyed a view of the beautiful
Valley of Virginia. The waters of the Shenandoah, which appear to be
very clear, may be distinctly traced in winding their way toward the
dark and sluggish Potomac.
July 19. - This is Sunday, but we break camp early, at 4 A.M., and go
on the march until II o'clock, when we halt for dinner. Here we took
the opportunity to serenade General Ward, who commanded the division
during the temporary absence of General Birney. After dinner the band
was directed to play for divine service, when the chaplain of Berdan's
Sharpshooters officiated, and he preached an elegant and appropriate
sermon.
July 20. - Our march was resumed due south until we reached Ashby Gap,
which was held by a force of rebels. Here we halted and made camp about
5 P.M., at Upperville. All along our march at this time we experienced
a vast difference in the feeling and
A CROOKED STREAM. l09
deportment of the people. The women fail to cheer us with a welcome in
their smiles, as they did further toward the North; no waving of little
flags as the army passes through towns and villages; instead of these
signs of friendship, they look daggers at us, else make themselves
invisible. There is no vegetable a soldier relishes more, to sandwich
his salt pork with, than a fresh onion. While marching along I chanced
to spy an onion bed in a patch of garden near by a house. The
temptation was irresistible, and I ventured to jump the fence and help
myself to a few of the luscious bulbs, when at that moment an elderly
woman suddenly sprang to the door, crying as though her heart would
break, and declared that the onions were all the edibles she had to
eat. It was a touching story of distress, and, under the circumstances,
dropping the luxuries at the feet of the woman, I hastened after my
command.
July 22. - Remained in camp until 2 P.M., then packed up and went on
the march again, passing through Upperville, the road we were on
leading over Goose Creek. This significantly named stream we crossed
and recrossed at least a dozen times during the day, fording the mud
and water sometimes up to our knees; still, we persistently kept on
marching into midnight, when with a sort of aristocratic feeling we
encamped on a large and beautiful plantation. As a rule, our generals,
when such opportunities were afforded, took possession of and put up at
the plantation houses, where, during the evening, the band played for
the entertainment of the ladies, who often appeared to enjoy the music
quite as much as the officers. Toward the close of our serenade, how-
110 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
ever, when "John Brown" or "Yankee Doodle " came in as an expected
number on the programme, the sensitive fair ones would retire to the
mansion, as if disgusted with that part of the performance. As these
popular and patriotic selections seemed to annoy these Secesh ladies,
we rarely failed to play our pranks, as it appeared to be particularly
agreeable to the officers, who always enjoyed such innocent
divertisement.
July 23. - Reveille was sounded this morning at three o'clock, and.
immediately all were up and soon on the march to Manassas Gap, which we
found occupied by a force of the enemy. At this same point on the day
previous our cavalry were driven back. Our regiment was promptly
advanced on picket, and in a very short time we had the rebels fully
engaged at Wapping Heights, where the rattle of musketry was very
lively. The heights are on the right side of the gap, from which we
obtained a clear view of the engagement from the left of the mountain.
Here we found an abundance of sheep and swine running wild, and we were
not slow in pressing them into the service, as we felt the need of a
change to fresh meat. The trouble was that we had no salt to season the
luxury; so, having had no graduates in fancy cookery with us, and no
time to send home for a copy of Mrs. Rorer's Culinary Art, we
improvised our own dietetic science by frying the fresh pork and mutton
with our salt pork, which in a measure supplied the seasoning
deficiency. Our division, however, drove the enemy out of the gap, and
we encamped there for the night, on the mountain side.
July 24. - Broke camp in the morning and started
FOOTSORE AND WEARY. 111
on the march through the mountain gap, having an extremely hard day's
tramp over a rough road, and frequently through the creek that here and
there flooded its surface. We kept on until night came, then halted and
encamped near Warrenton, the men being completely "played out;" so
near, in fact, had we reached the end of the tether that when Division
Headquarters called for music, for the first time in its experience had
the band to be excused from performing on account of the wearied
condition of the members. After a good night's rest, however, we were
again ready for duty.
July 26. - This was Sunday, according to the calendar, but we prepared
for the march at 5 A.M., and at the request of General Ward the band
took the head of the division and played on going through Warrenton. We
halted several miles beyond the town and there encamped. Our regiment
was ordered out on picket, the band escorting the men some distance
out, but afterward we returned to camp. At this time we received news
of the drafting going on at home, and our boys indulged in a deal of
humor on reading the names of the lucky ones who were chosen to defend
their country, as the lists recalled to their memory a great many
patriots who were not inclined to enlist when they did. The idea of
being compelled to enter the service against their will, the boys
thought, would not be so honorable as enlisting as a volunteer; this
gave them considerable comfort and satisfaction, and they also thought
it right in the Government to make the draft.
July 28. - A detail was sent home to bring in the drafted men to fill
up the old regiments. At this
112 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
time General Birney returned to us as commander of our division, and
our delight on seeing him was heartily reciprocated. On the first
evening after his arrival we gave him a stirring serenade, when he
expressed his pleasure at hearing the music of the band again. I took
the liberty to acquaint him with the difficulties the band was laboring
under, and of the hard campaign we had made; that the marching over
difficult roads and often through woods and bushes at night had put a
number of our instruments out of order. He promptly told me to make out
a list of whatever was needed and he would see that we were attended
to. Of course, the band was delighted to have in him such a friend; and
he also ordered that we should have a furlough, or pass, for ten days,
to go home and obtain what was wanted. At that time no furlough was
good unless countersigned by the commander of the army, General Meade;
but he proposed using his personal influence, and sent a staff officer
with the request to explain. The necessary paper was at once made out,
and it was started for approval at regimental headquarters, where it
was approved; then it passed to brigade, division, and corps
headquarters and was approved; but when forwarded to Army Headquarters
it was disapproved, with the explanation that at that time no one could
leave the army under any consideration whatever. I therefore forwarded
the order for instruments given me by mail.
July 31.-In the morning there was an inspection, after which we marched
about five miles and arrived at Sulphur Springs. Here the army went
into summer quarters and remained comfortably fixed for
A SPLENDID ENCAMPMENT. 113
about six weeks. It was a great relief, to all, giving opportunity for
needed rest after the severe and constant marching.
>From all appearances, Sulphur Springs must have been a splendid place
for the Southern aristocracy. Along the road had been a large hotel,
called Bachelors' Hall, but then in ruins. There was a beautiful park,
adorned with pretty shade trees, and on each side was a number of
cottages for boarders. The spring, which was under a pavilion, is about
one hundred yards from the hotel. Grouped with these were also a
billiard hall and ten-pin alley. In fact, there were indications that
Sulphur Springs had been a popular and first-class resort for the
chivalry of the South. Close to the springs is a fine stream of clear
water, called the North Branch of the Rappahannock. It was there
General Birney established his headquarters and detailed the band for
duty. By permission we took possession of two of the best cottages and
at once went to housekeeping; and we who until then had only the cold
and damp ground for a bed, and sometimes a stone for a pillow, therein
were provided with comfortable bedsteads. We improvised tables and
chairs, and ere long had our "at home" cards among the camp society. As
it did not seem altogether right, to us, in General Birney making this
exclusive use of the band, by detailing us away from our regiment, he
subsequently detailed the regiment to duty also at his headquarters,
and their camp was established inside the grounds.
Our time there was pretty well occupied, as we had orders to perform
three times every day at headquarters, and, besides, we played for
guard-mount in the 8
114 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
morning and dress-parade in the evening. The place now began to attract
officers from all parts of the army, who were often accompanied by lady
visitors. Everybody had free access to the Sulphur Springs, the water
of which was as clear as crystal. Our doctors told the men to indulge
as freely as they wished in drinking the water, for if it did them no
good it would do no harm. They followed the advice, and before they had
been there two weeks boils appeared on the bodies of many of them. On
making the affliction of job known to the doctors, they jokingly said
it was all right, as the medicated water was driving the salt pork out
of their systems.
The North Branch of the Rappahannock afforded the men excellent
bathing, and a plenty of fine black-, berries could be gathered along
its banks. Being in easy communication, with our supplies, we now
received fresh bread, potatoes, onions, and beans. So we fared very
well at this place, for, after the oppressively hot weather and
continuous marching necessitated by the Gettysburg campaign, every man
was greatly in need of rest and milder treatment, and it is unnecessary
to say that this season of relief was duly appreciated throughout the
camp. Notwithstanding this respite from hostilities, our regiment at
this particular time, I think, was in a worse condition than it had
ever been before or was afterward. The corps was reviewed the first
week in September, but our regiment did not participate, as it would
have made a sorry show. Very few of the men were in full uniform; some
had blue pants and Zouave jackets; others wore red pants and regulation
coats, and their caps were as
THE SOLDIERS' BANKER. 115
varied as their clothing. So, instead of going on review they were sent
on picket duty, but the battle-worn regiment was represented by the
band being assigned at the head of the line.
While in camp at Sulphur Springs, besides furnishing the instrumental
music, as before stated, it also fell to the lot of the band to supply
vocal music on certain occasions. Several members of the band, before
organizing as such, belonged to a Germantown glee-club. On discovering
this fact General Birney requested our services, when a vocal quartette
was formed which he and his company were well pleased with. Soon after
getting our voices in trim General Terry paid us a visit, and,
expressing a wish to hear us sing, General Birney sent for us, but
unfortunately we could not comply, on account of our leading tenor
being sick We, however, serenaded General Terry with the band music. He
was greatly pleased and said: "I don't wonder General Birney likes your
music." He further said that he knew what good music was, as he played
an instrument in a band in his younger days. I told him of our being
short several instruments, and he laughingly replied: "You will have to
do like myself, under the circumstances - stick the closer to the
work." Altogether, we found General Terry a very agreeable man and
formed a very high opinion of him. The sutler is also here, with whom
the boys usually spend all the money they receive and what they expect
the coming pay-day. Wherever there is a sutler the soldiers, with rare
exceptions, are always in debt to him, and yet he is one of the
necessary evils of war times; they lose a great
116 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
deal of money, but still they manage to grow rich on the reckless
spendings of the men.
August 16. - On this day Colonel Collis, who, it will be remembered,
was compelled to return home on account of illness just as we reached
Aquia Creek, came back to the regiment and was tendered a warm
reception. The regiment was drawn up in line, after which the Colonel
was presented with a beautiful sword as an appropriate symbol of his
soldierly bearing, and in evidence of the esteem in which he was held
by the rank and file. All were delighted to see Colonel Collis come
back to his command and restored to good health. After the formal
ceremony had concluded he came to our quarters, shook hands all around,
and complimented us on our comfortable cottages at such an aristocratic
resort; at the same time he expressed the opinion that it was rather
too nice to last long, and it so proved.
September 14. - Some of us had gone to wash our clothes in the creek.
We had just succeeded in bringing the water up to the boiling point in
our kettles and dumped the soiled garments therein, when the division
bugles sounded " Pack up." We could scarcely credit our ears. There we
were with our clothes boiling hot and compelled to go on the march
without delay, and in a few minutes we were actually in line, although
the march only continued for a few miles. Our sutler, whom it took much
longer than ourselves to pack up, was forced to stay behind to finish
and follow us. No sooner had the division left than the bushwhackers
surprised him, took all the greenbacks he had - about $1600 -
confiscated all his
LEFT IN THE LURCH. 117
goods, horses, and wagons, and then made him their prisoner.
Fortunately, some of our cavalry surprised them, when they destroyed
the goods and escaped, but the sutler was saved. He received very
little sympathy from the men of the regiment, as he was regarded as an
extortionist.
CHAPTER VII. 118
CULPEPER - FIRST SERENADE AT ARMY HEADQUARTERS - RETREAT FROM CULPEPER.
The second day's march was very hard on us, after our prolonged rest at
Sulphur Springs. We made twenty-five miles, and this brought us to the
vicinity of Culpeper, where we went into camp and were given to
understand that we would remain there for some time. We pitched our
tents, and as it was threatening rain, we dug little ditches around the
base of them to serve as canals in preventing the water from inundating
our habitations. Instead of being fixed for prospective emergencies,
however, the next morning found us marching through Culpeper, and we
encamped some distance out on the pike, on the right, while the 6th
Corps pitched their tents on the left of the road. Nearly the whole of
our army had been congregated in this locality. The road was soon
crowded by our teams bringing supplies to our troops, and the whole
surroundings were made quite lively. Comrades of different corps were
going here and there hunting old friends and relatives, but the corps
were too widely separated for such anxious interchanges.
On the day we left Sulphur Springs our new instruments, which we were
so much in need of, it was learned, had arrived at Bealeton Station,
and when we were so suddenly moved for our safety they were taken back
to Washington. Being again in railroad
THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS. 119
communication with Culpeper, on September 20th we were informed that
they had safely arrived there. They could not have come to hand at a
more acceptable time to improve our musical condition, for we were
being taxed to a most painful and discouraging degree in the rendition
of our scores. The first serenade from the new instruments was given
General Birney, who was more than pleased with their appearance and the
music coming from them. It would be difficult to find an officer in the
whole army who could enjoy good music better than Birney. The next
night we were called on to perform for General French at the Corps
Headquarters. When we returned to camp, to our surprise, we found
General Meade's trio of coaches in waiting for us, the band being
wanted at Army Headquarters, several miles away. In going that distance
the coaches passed a dozen or more bands, most of them having nearly
double the number of our instruments. We could not help wondering why
one of these larger bands was not selected for this special occasion
instead of our own. At all events, we could not but accept this call
from General Meade as a high compliment and an exceptional honor. Our
regiment, also, shared the pride of their band, and at the same time
thought, just as we did, that others were deriving more benefit from
the band music than themselves. As matters stood, however, we had
determined to do our best not to disappoint their expectations, and at
all times endeavored to be a credit to the regiment whose fortunes we
had enlisted to follow.
Army Headquarters consisted of some thirty commissioned officers,
beginning with the Commander-in-Chief, General Meade. Then followed his
Chief of
120 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
Staff, General Humphreys; Adjutant-General, Seth Williams; Provost
Marshal General, General Patrick; Chief of Commissary, General Ingalls;
Chief of Artillery, General Hunt. Each of these officers were entitled
to a number of staff officers, which made up a large and distinguished
military family, nearly all of them having been what are known as "West
Pointers." Such were the educated and cultured men before whom our band
was called to perform-a critical audience, to say the least.
The Headquarters train itself was an imposing affair, and when on the
march it combined to make a long line and carried important baggage,
which included documents connected with the army; the telegraph with
all its appliances; the engineering department and its various
accessories, besides the Chief of Commissary, having in charge the
supply of rations for 100,000 men. A company of cavalry and a regiment
of infantry were always present for guard duty in camp and on the
march. The spot selected for this camp is usually within a grove or on
a nicely located field, and the tents are pitched in the form of a
semicircle. The commanders are always in the centre of the circle, the
chief of staff on the right, the adjutant on the left, and the
remainder of the retinue have positions according to their rank.
When the band arrived here for the first time, it was assigned a
position in the centre of this circle. It was soon evident that our
presence was very acceptable, for we were at once surrounded by most of
the staff officers, who made themselves very sociable, and especially
after we had played for them a few pieces. According to my diary, I
find that on this occasion
A SAMPLE MUSICALE. 121
we rendered the following programme, the initial number having been
selected just to introduce us and give the event a good send-off:
HEADQUARTERS PROGRAMME.
I. HELL ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK.
2. POTPOURRI FROM "TROVATORE."
(Introducing all the gems of that popular opera.)
3. BILD DER ROSE.
4. OVERTURE TO NEBUCHADNEZZAR.
5. SELECTIONS FROM LUCIA.
6. TRAP-TRAP GALOP.
Such a selection as the above had probably never been given at the
Headquarters in the field by any of the army bands, and any musician
familiar with this class of music for brass instruments will know
precisely the difficulties our band of only fourteen pieces had to
encounter, and at the same time do the intricate arrangements justice.
And then, too, it should be considered that a few candles in the open
air afforded all the light we had in reading difficult manuscript. Our
debut here, however, was regarded as quite a success, and the officers
expressed themselves as highly pleased with the performance and the
music, declaring that they had never had the pleasure of having such a
musical treat in camp. Even the spectators and our candle-bearers
noticed the attention paid us, and informed- us of other bands having
been there every night; but they came and went with no marked
impression being made upon their hearers by their class of music.
General Collis, who was with us on this occasion and in General Meade's
tent while our band was playing, was also complimented, and the music
was
122 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
praised by the latter. Altogether, our appearance at the Army
Headquarters was a most pleasing event in the record of the Zouave
Band. We returned to our camp about 2 A.M., and though having put in a
trying night, we cheerfully crept into our dog-tents, and with pleasing
memories fell soundly asleep. There were numerous bands in the army, by
far better equipped than ours of the 114th Regiment; they had a larger
number of instruments and more artistic performers, but they failed to
gain the popularity that we did. The reasons for this may be found in
the style of the music, and doubtless much may be attributed to the
uniformly good deportment of our members. The members of some of the
bands often drank to excess, and thus rendered themselves disreputable
and at the same time incompetent to perform their music in a proper
manner. Such things never occurred to bring into disrepute the band of
the 114th Regiment; its discipline and standard of sobriety was always
maintained, notwithstanding the opportunities nightly presented for
participating in the social glass. It was this regard for decency and
moderation that enabled our members to always be fit for duty and do
justice to their respective parts. This much for the band, while
passing on to matters of more serious importance.
Some who have pretended to write history, in making a record of the
events of these stirring times, after graphically describing the battle
of Gettysburg and the campaign incident thereto, make a sudden leap,
and at a single stride start in again at the coming of General Grant.
Here we simply ask the reader to march behind the band for the three
years, 1862 and
THE ENEMY'S ADVANTAGES. 123
1865, and we will endeavor to fill in the blank by narrating in a brief
and homely way the intervening events, some of which are of great
importance.
In the beginning of October, 1863, the contending armies lay opposite
each other along the Rapidan River. Our army was stretched out along
the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, extending from Culpeper to Raccoon
Ford. We also had a signal station on Thoroughfare Mountain, which was
on the south side of the Rapidan. The high ridge on that side of the
river screened the movements of the enemy from us, while they had good
positions for observation and could clearly see what was transpiring on
our side.
It was currently reported that General Meade contemplated a movement on
their line, and whether General Lee from his observation anticipated
this or not it was hard to conjecture, but he suddenly made a move by
flanking our army. This compelled us to retreat from our position, in
order to protect our line of communication. The enemy approached us
with great secrecy by keeping up a strong picket line in our front and
blazing numerous camp-fires to deceive us, while the main portion of
their army was moving northward behind the wooded hills, which
effectually screened their purpose.
Their movements, however, were observed from our signal station on the
9th of October and reported, which showed that Lee was making his way
to the right of our line. Meade at first seemed not to comprehend the
meaning of this activity; whether or not it was only a feint to cover
some other important move on his line. He sent the cavalry to
reconnoitre on the tenth, and, as a precaution, he ordered the wagon
124 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
train to the rear and across the Rappahannock, and also ordered the 3d
Corps, to which we belonged, and the 2d Corps, to protect the train,
and prevent, if possible, the rebels from attacking it. This, General
Meade thought, was the main object of the enemy's movements. In order
to be prepared for any emergency the whole army was ordered to fall
back behind the Rappahannock, and the cavalry, which was bringing up
the rear, was continually engaged with the rebel cavalry under Stuart.
General Kilpatrick found the cavalry of the enemy strongly posted at
Brandy Station, or near by, and he was hotly engaged with Stuart at
that point. We had an excellent view of the cavalry, as our division
was marching on a road to the left, where we could overlook the whole
field. We could distinctly see our daring horsemen charging the
stubborn rebels with fury, cutting, shooting, and tramping them down.
Our troops halted at the thrilling sight and General Birney sent an
orderly to ask General Kilpatrick if he wanted assistance, but the
dashing cavalryman sent word that all was right and he could take care
of himself. On the receipt of this encouraging response we moved on
until the Rappahannock was crossed, when the cavalry soon followed us
as a protection to our rear.
The following day, the 12th, appeared to be involved in uncertainty,
and General Meade determined to make a reconnoissance back to Brandy
Station by the cavalry, when it was found the rebels were in motion, in
strong force, west of them. Meade also pushed out a small force of
infantry toward Jeffersonton and Little Washington, and they had great
difficulty in getting back, having encountered the enemy in superior
num
MEADE'S STRATEGY AND LEE'S PURPOSE. 125
ber. Their return was accomplished by hard fighting and at a heavy
loss.
So far our men could not understand the meaning of all this marching;
wandering, as it were, for days here and there; doing nothing,
apparently, but being drawn up in line-marching a few miles, halting,
forming, and then returning. The officers and men were perplexed; it
looked as if Meade was afraid to fight, and endeavoring to get away
from the hounding by Lee. The men were anxious for the fray and were
asking with eagerness: "Why don't Meade stand and fight them?" But they
were really in ignorance of what General Meade was endeavoring to get
at-he was by strategy unfolding the real object of General Lee. At last
he became satisfied that it was Lee's purpose to get in his rear with
his whole army and concentrate it in an advantageous position between
our army and Washington. He made the most determined and energetic
efforts to thwart the great and daring Confederate, and therefore the
marches made by our army, such, probably, as have scarcely ever been
equaled by any other. We marched two days and three nights incessantly,
sometimes making a stand in line of battle, then off again. The rebel
army had one day's start of us, and the objective point of both armies
was as to which of the two should first reach the strong position at
Centreville. This was the outer line of fortifications for the defense
of the capital; it was naturally very strong, and by the science of
military engineering had been made almost impregnable. Both armies
actually raced for it, but the Army of the Potomac, on ascertaining the
strategy of Lee, won the prize.
126 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
The trains and artillery moved over the roads, flanked on both sides by
the infantry, with muskets charged and ready for immediate use. We were
thus prepared to repel any attack on our wagon trains, and should any
have been made on either side of the road the enemy would have met a
ready line of battle. The band and other non-combatants moved along the
roads with the trains and artillery, wearily, indeed, strolling along
on the march. On the second night a number of the band tramped along
with a battery of thirty-two Parrot guns, immense affairs. It was pitch
dark, especially where the primitive road passed through a woodland
region. Our only guidance at times was by placing our hands on the
heavy guns, and sometimes stepping along more asleep than awake.
Suddenly, during this night, one of the wheels under the heavy gun we
were following sank deep in a rut, and the weight of the cannon caused
it to topple over, our escape from being crushed to death being almost
miraculous. Some of the members of the band declared that it was simply
impossible to continue, without some rest, and they laid themselves by
the roadside, using their knapsacks for pillows. When the rear of the
corps passed, the officers in charge of the rear guard observing them,
cried out: "If you can possibly move along, do so, or you will see
Libby Prison again!" He further remarked that there would be "hell in
the rear in a few minutes." This admonition, it is hardly necessary to
say, put new life and locomotion into their tired limbs, and they up
and at it again, and by persistent effort soon reached us. Sure enough,
not long after the officer thus forcibly gave the warning, there was
heavy firing in the rear.
WARREN PUNISHES HILL. 127
The 2d Corps, under General Warren, brought up the rear of our army,
and it was constantly skirmishing with the rebels, who were in command
of General Ewell, the latter having his entire corps with him. This was
done to impede Warren's progress, while Hill's Corps, which was in
light marching order, was pushing on to head off our army at Bristow
Station, but all except the 2d Corps, which was the rear guard, had
passed that point; so General Hill posted his corps in a strong
position on the left of the railroad, where they were drawn up in line
of battle, parallel with the railroad. When Warren arrived he saw at a
glance that Hill had blundered in not taking possession of the
railroad, the embankment of which would have formed a ready breastwork
for his men. General Warren, taking advantage of the opportunity,
ordered his corps on the double quick and poured a raking fire of
musketry into the close ranks of the advancing rebels, which staggered
them and they fell back. They re-formed for another advance, but Warren
bad his batteries charged with grape and canister, with which he plowed
terrible furrows through their ranks. Again and again the desperate
rebels attempted to make an impression upon Warren's corps, but their
sacrifice of life was in vain, and finally Hill gave up the impossible
and retreated back to Catlett's Station, and there he joined Ewell's
Corps, while Warren continued his march during the night and came up
with the other portions of our army at Centreville. Hill was badly
punished by Warren, losing one of his best batteries, of six guns,
besides 500 men in killed and wounded.
Our army was now strongly posted at Centreville
128 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
Heights, where it waited for and invited an attack, but Lee was too
shrewd to venture an assault against us there.
The only trouble our corps had with the enemy on this march was when it
approached Auburn. General Birney and his staff were just ahead of us
on the march, our brigade leading the division on this day, and Our
regiment leading the brigade. From the left, without warning, the
rebels sent us a shell from a light battery, which came rather close to
General Birney. He halted the column, and immediately our brigade was
thrown out in line of battle, and for a time there was a lively fire of
musketry with the enemy, but they were soon driven away. In this
contest our regiment had a number of men wounded. We then resumed our
march, which they no doubt hoped to delay, but in this they were not
very successful, as the whole affair was over inside of half an hour.
General Stuart, on this march, was probably in the tightest place with
his cavalry during his whole career, having been hemmed in a woods
between two roads. Our infantry were marching on, and as it was night,
the rebel game was not perceived by our men. His close proximity,
therefore, was unknown to us, and had his fix been discovered he and
all his force would have been captured. How to get out of the scrape he
was in was a conundrum to him; but he solved it by selecting six of his
troopers, on whom he put Yankee uniforms and armed them with muskets to
correspond. These spies fell in line with us and at an opportune moment
crossed the road and sneaked off, making their way to General Lee, whom
they informed of Stuart's perilous position. His chief soon
REBEL SPIES IN DISGUISE. 129
determined what to do, in ordering an infantry attack on that part of
our line near where Stuart was, and during the excitement the rebel
cavalryman and his troopers slipped through and made sure their escape
to Lee.
CHAPTER VIII. 130
CENTREVILLE - GENERAL SICKLES VISITS HIS OLD COMMAND - FOLLOWING LEE -
ACTION AT KELLY'S FORD - MINE RUN.
We were tired and "played out" on arriving at Centreville, and as soon
as we reached our destination simply fell asleep, without bothering
about rations, for, hungry as we were, "nature's sweet restorer" was
the greater need. Rest was the one thing yearned for; never more a
physical necessity.
The next day there was an event that put new life into the whole army.
About noon a horseman rode into camp, and it was soon sounded in every
ear that General Daniel E. Sickles, our old commander, was on the
grounds. All of the valiant General's former self, of course, was not
there, for he had left one leg on the battle-field of Gettysburg. If
ever a brave man received a soldier's hearty reception it was General
Sickles, and he is no doubt proud of it down to this day.
What General Lee expected from his flank movement was hard to
understand. It certainly did not pay him, nor did it prolong the life
of the cause for which he was fighting. He failed completely in
outgeneraling Meade; failed in obtaining possession of Centreville
Heights, and, if he was endeavoring to capture our trains, he also
failed. He remained in the vicinity of Bristow Station until October
18th, in the meantime keeping his army busy in destroying
THE RETREATING REBELS. 131
the railroad, which his men, as well as our own, knew how to do
effectually when it answered a purpose. They tore up the sleepers and
laid the rails across them, then set the former on fire, and when the
rails became red hot in the centre the extreme weight of the ends would
bend them into bows and thus destroy their usefulness for relaying.
As General Lee's army was now retreating southward again, our army
retraced its steps, and the first day's march brought us to Bristow
Station, on October 20th. The following day we made a long roundabout
march to reach Catlett's Station, covering about twenty-five miles and
yet advancing only a distance of six miles: As the railroad was
destroyed, we halted there. Details from the different regiments were
made up each day to work on and rebuild the railroad, the army being
badly in need of supplies. All along our march there were evidences of
the enemy's retreat - dead horses worn out on the march, cast-off rebel
clothing scattered by the wayside, broken wagons, etc. As we advanced
the railroad was rebuilt, and on November 1st we encamped near Bealeton
Station. There we laid over for one week and were mustered for pay, but
when the list was completed it caused a great deal of dissatisfaction
and grumbling among the men, as many of them were brought in debt to
the Government. Their allowance of forty-two dollars for clothing they
had overdrawn, and it had to be made good out of their pay; so, instead
of receiving some hard cash to cheer the sutler, they got nothing, and
had to wait until the paymaster came round again. This unexpected
deprivation soured the unfortunate ones very much, when they compared
132 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
their lot with the fancy soldiers who were having an easy and indolent
time around the forts of Washington and Baltimore. This, they said, is
the kind return, "after going on wearisome marches, almost shoeless,
and sleeping in our clothes on the cold ground, and to keep up with the
line often being compelled to lighten our knapsacks by casting away
needful articles; while the men hanging around the forts can take care
of their clothing, act the dandy soldier, and receive the same pay."
This is simply a reflex of the feeling among the fighting men in the
army. There were other things to grate harshly upon the minds of
battle-worn men. By the army regulation rules the Government allowed
each soldier going on the march to have six days' rations in his
haversack. If each man had received his full allowance mules would have
been required to carry the burden. As the men did not receive in
quantity in accordance with the regulations, what became of the excess
was a source of constant anxiety to the men in camp, when they usually
had their studying caps on. But when "Pack up" sounded these little
matters of ways and means for the time were dispelled.
While in camp here, our regiment was largely reinforced from Camp
Parole, mainly by those who were captured at the battles of
Chancellorsville and Gettysburg having been exchanged and returned to
us. We also received a number of new recruits, among them being several
young Frenchmen, who were procured in France by agents, or persons who
were engaged to furnish substitutes for patriots here who did their
fighting by staying at home. These bright young recruits, who were
imitating the zeal of Lafay-
YOUNG FRENCH SOLDIERS. 133
ette, informed us that they were paid only one hundred dollars each,
while at that period of the war substitutes everywhere in this country
were paid from one thousand to twelve hundred dollars. One can hardly
imagine the money that was made in this sort of war brokerage, this
barter inhuman life, during those dark days, when the purses of men as
well as their loyalty and courage of convictions were sorely tried. In
conversation with these soldierly Frenchmen, I also learned why they
came to our regiment. It had been represented to them that it was a
French Zouave regiment, and they were surprised after being with us
that there were only a few of their new comrades with whom they could
hold conversation. They were not particularly pleased with their
experience in camp at that time and complained bitterly about the
rations, and especially of the hard bread. I endeavored to cheer them
in a vein of pleasantry by assuring them that after becoming accustomed
to the daily bill of fare they would grow fat on it.
November 7. - Broke camp and advanced toward the Rappahannock again,
where we found the whole rebel army entrenched in rifle pits and behind
strong breastworks, and they appeared to be snugly encamped for the
winter, but General Meade did not mean to have things so comfortably
and permanently arranged. Before the retreat of Lee oar army occupied
the line of the Rapidan, and to stop here would indicate that we were
unable to proceed. Our corps, with the 2d, therefore advanced on
Kelly's Ford, and the rebels were taken by surprise. Preparations were
at once made to capture their position and cross the Rappahannock. On
our side we had a
134 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
good position for artillery, where a 32-pound calibre battery was
planted, and in support of which our regiment was sent. Our battery
soon opened a brisk cannonade on the enemy south of the river. During
this lively and constant fire the pontoons were laid, our corps rushed
over, drove the rebels back, and captured over four hundred prisoners.
The movement was well planned, as its success proved, and the action
was an exceptionally brilliant one. The prisoners here taken were
better clothed than any we had before seen; all were provided with
overcoats and jackets of much better material than our own. They were
of English manufacture, a much darker blue than the United States
uniforms, and they furnished conclusive evidence of successful blockade
running.
While our action at Kelly's Ford was a success, the experience at the
right of our army, consisting of the 5th and 6th Corps, was even more
favorable. In advancing they found the enemy well prepared for a
contest, in a strong fort, with redoubts and rifle pits, on the
northern side of Rappahannock Station. At first General Sedgwick was
somewhat baffled, but by his native dash and cautious action he
succeeded in finding a good position in the rear of the fort, and with
his batteries he bombarded the stronghold all day, and just before dark
he stormed the position and carried it, capturing fifteen hundred
prisoners, besides a battery and eight battle-flags. After this we
crossed the Rappahannock and the whole army advanced toward the
Rapidan. Our corps, with the 2d, forming the left of the army, advanced
to Brandy Station, where, on November 8th, there was some skirmishing
with the rebel cavalry, but they were
DISTINGUISHED ENGLISH GUESTS. 135
easily driven off. The next day we encamped at Brandy Station, where
was presented abundant evidence of the enemy having contemplated going
into winter quarters in this vicinity, as they had erected good
shanties for the purpose. It looked as if their abandonment of the
place had been very sudden, for they attempted to destroy the buildings
so that the Yankees could not have the benefit of them, but in this
they were only partially successful. The chimneys they toppled over
were soon rebuilt, and, as cooler weather was expected, we felt
thankful in no small degree for the comfortable quarters thus left for
us. While at Bristow Station our former brigade commander, General
Graham, who was wounded and captured at Gettysburg, paid us a brief but
pleasant visit, and the men were exceedingly glad to see him, although
he could not remain with us, as he had been appointed to a command in
North Carolina. He was greatly respected and appreciated by the whole
brigade.
November 16th we had a review, and a number of distinguished British
officers were present as visitors, for whom the event had been
arranged. After review, the band, of course, was called to Corps
Headquarters, where the lordly guests were entertained. We selected a
number of the choicest operatic gems and overtures to please them, but
they did not evince any special interest in the programme. However,
when we complimented them by playing their national air, "God save the
Queen," that seemed to captivate them, and they came out in
acknowledgment of the favor and declared that they had rarely ever
before heard it sound so well. Under the circumstances, no doubt, it
proved pleasing to them.
136 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
At this time the rebel army was encamped on the south side of the
Rapidan and in a very strong position. General Meade made a careful
reconnoissance and pronounced it unassailable, yet there was an
interval of six miles between Hill's and Ewell's Corps. Having
ascertained these facts, he determined on a decisive and short
campaign, his plans being clearly and skilfully laid out; and had they
been faithfully executed, there can be no doubt that the rebel army
then and there would have been disastrously defeated. Meade's intent
was to concentrate his army in this gap or interval of six miles, and
by a rapid march defeat one-half before the other could make a junction
with its counterpart. Our army started with ten days' rations. Each
corps had its line of march mapped out, and each had orders to move
with celerity and unite at the ridges, west of Mine Run, the point of
junction designated being in the vicinity of the Robertson Tavern.
General Warren, with the 2d Corps, was prompt and almost in position,
but our corps, in command of General French, brought about a
miscarriage, and which was the cause of defeat of General Meade's well-
designed plans. We crossed the Rapidan on November 26th and encamped
for the night, which was the first of the blunders. Then, on resuming
our march, we took a road leading through the country, instead of
following the river road. In doing so, after marching a few miles, we
came in contact with Johnson's division of Ewell's Corps, when a hot
engagement took place between our corps and Johnson's division. To us
the encounter was a great surprise. The country there is a perfect
wilderness, and
CROSSING THE RAPIDAN. 137
we did not become aware of the enemy's presence until we were on them.
In this engagement we lost many killed and wounded. The 5th Corps,
hearing the firing, came to our assistance. These incidental mishaps
seriously delayed us and prevented the rapid concentration of our army,
as General Meade had intended. And this was not the worst of our
misfortune, for it gave the key of General Meade's plan of campaign to
Lee, and afforded him ample opportunity and time to concentrate his
army on the very position we were preparing to occupy. In spite of all
this discomfiture, however, to General Meade, he did not give up the
one purpose in view. At last, with his army at hand, he, confronted the
rebels at the Mine Run position, which was in their possession. In
front of their line the marsh along the run was an obstacle to attack.
The position was thoroughly reconnoitred. On our left General Warren
reported his confidence in the ability of his men to take it, when he
was strengthened by two divisions of our corps and one division of the
6th Corps.
During the night of the 29th General Warren made a more extended
examination and found the position much stronger than it was at first
reported, and so advised General Meade, which caused him to postpone
the attack. In the meantime the weather became dreadfully cold and men
were frozen on picket. It was the coldest spell of weather our army had
experienced in Virginia. General Meade concluded, as his original plans
had been thwarted, and with the prospect of a still greater loss of
life without due compensation and substantial results, to withdraw leis
army across the Rapidan and to its former position. The most unfor-
138 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
tunate event during the week was the loss in our corps, which amounted
to between 500 and 600 killed and wounded, and all to no purpose. As
soon as we learned of the army going to fall back across the Rapidan,
the band reported at the wagon train, which was already moving the sick
and wounded. We accompanied them and about dark crossed the river at
Culpeper Ford and encamped there for the night. The troops did not
begin retreating until dark, but they marched all night and reached us
in the morning, completely worn out. After getting our breakfast and
resting a few hours we went on the march again, under orders to return
to the place of encampment we left just one week before, which we made
before dark.
It may be stated here that it was not the intention in speaking of
General French to criticise him from a military standpoint or as to his
soldierly qualities. We had always been very kindly treated by him;
still, it was the general impression that he did not at times act in
full sympathy with General Meade. In fact, our frequent presence at his
headquarters gave us opportunity to hear staff officers speak in such
manner as was not at all complimentary to the Commander of the Army of
the Potomac. Had General French's feelings not been in accord with
their own, it was' but reasonable to suppose that they would not have
dared to express themselves as they did of Meade, their superior in
command.
CHAPTER IX. 139
[See photo facing page 139]
The Band at Brandy Station
BRANDY STATION - ATTACHED TO ARMY HEADQUARTERS - DUTIES OF THE BAND AND
REGIMENT.
Now that we were in our own shanties, or winter quarters, again, we
concluded that we would be permitted to remain for the remainder of the
season, and accordingly made arrangements for our comfort and
convenience. Brandy Station was now made the base of supplies for the
whole army, and buildings were erected to receive the varied stores. We
had flattered ourselves that we were fixed for some time at least, when
orders carne to move our camp some distance beyond, as another corps
had been assigned to occupy our grounds. Reluctantly we packed up and
encamped about a mile nearer the station, where we began to build new
quarters and prepare for the hard weather.
At this time gambling was rife in the army, to a demoralizing extent.
Looking over the field could be observed dozens of groups of soldiers
squatted on the ground, playing what was called "sweat-box." One of the
group was selected as banker, and sometimes they would break hire, but
oftener the banker would break them. Hundreds of dollars would often
change hands in a short time, and even our Marie, the cantiniere, was
tempted to try her luck. Looking on at a party playing, she saw a
soldier win a large sum of money in almost no time, so she thought to
go and do likewise, and invested with the banker; but instead
140 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
of winning, Marie soon lost, and was fifty dollars poorer by reason of
her experience. She was too sharp to be caught again, and being
thoroughly disgusted she played no more. General Birney, to his credit,
determined to break up the "sweat box," and whenever gambling was
discovered he ordered the guard to charge on the players and drive them
from the field. In this way the public display of the pernicious
practice was finally broken up.
Being now to all appearances in permanent camp for the winter, and a
great many ladies coming in to visit the different generals, the band
was engaged every evening at one or another of the several
headquarters, rarely ever returning to camp before the next morning. At
this time there was some talk of having the band detached from the
regiment and making it a brigade band, the respective commanders
desiring to have the music at their headquarters. One evening, some
time previous to this, happening to be at the 3d Brigade headquarters
of our division, the brigade then being in command of General De
Trobriand, after the band had performed a short programme, he invited
me into the house, where he occupied a room in the second story. In
broken English he informed me that he desired to see me for the purpose
of complimenting the, band on its music, at the same time saying that
he had heard no music in the service he had been so well pleased with.
He also said that he was a musician himself, and then asked me how the
band would like to be attached to his headquarters. My reply was that I
could not see how that could be done; but he thought it could and said
he would see about it, and there the matter dropped
A VEXED QUESTION. 141
between us. Nevertheless, the project was agitated, and the more it was
talked over the greater the difficulty of its accomplishment became.
The men of our regiment began to seriously consider the proposition,
when it was found they were unanimously opposed to the movement and
declared that it should not be permitted. The peremptory decree was
that the Zouave Band should not belong to any other than the regiment
that brought it to the field. In the midst of all this we continued to
perform as though we were disinterested parties to the vexed question
under discussion. When, the third time, we had been called to Army
Headquarters, to entertain the officers commanding with our music, it
was whispered that the regiment and its band would be called for
permanent duty thereat; the regiment to be headquarters guard and the
band to be honored by a like distinction. Soon the order came to report
at headquarters of the army, and this cleverly adjusted the differences
respecting our separation from the regiment.
Ever since the battle of Gettysburg our regiment was commanded by Major
E. R. Bowen, Colonel Collis being in command of the brigade. The duties
here were never very severe, and we were saved from many hard marches
and dangerous picket duty. We were really glad of this temporary
exemption, for our regiment was merely a skeleton compared with its
former strength; the battles in which it participated having played sad
havoc among its ranks, and the brief respite allowed was only what it
richly deserved. It must not be understood that we had been transformed
into holiday soldiers, for the 114th was engaged in active and
dangerous work, and even met with
142 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
severe losses down to the close of hostilities, as will appear in
subsequent recitals. While the band did its best to maintain its
reputation while having an abundance of work to do, thereafter we were
not subject to calls for music from a diversity of official sources,
which made our service more pleasant, as it was confined, as a rule, to
this particular headquarters.
On the evening of December 16th, the band received a special invitation
from Colonel Collis to make him a call at his brigade headquarters. We
cheerfully responded, and on arriving there the generous Colonel had
prepared an excellent treat for us. While being in a quandary as to
what it all meant, he informed us that it was to celebrate an event
that occurred just one year before - the separation of the band from
its regiment by our capture. In one of his veins of grim humor, he
asked us if we, still remembered the mishap, which we did, of course,
and a trifle too well. After passing a delightful evening, in the
enjoyment of sprightly music and genial intercourse, we retraced our
steps to camp, in good spirits and feeling the better for the
thoughtful hospitality of our friendly Colonel.
The festal season was now approaching and our letters from home
indicated that we would have a rare luxury sent us in the form of a
splendidly prepared dinner for Christmas, and, in anticipation of
which, our appetites were whetted accordingly. Christmas Day came as
the calendar unfolded, but the looked-for boxes did not come. We made
trip after trip to the railroad station in great anxiety, meeting every
train as it arrived, but there were no boxes with the good things in
store for us. Were we all to be disappointed again, as during the
previous Christmas-
THOSE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS. 143
time? We were assured that our big dinner was on the road somewhere,
and in charge of a lady, Miss Jones, of Germantown. We had almost given
up the idea of a Christmas celebration in a homelike way. The following
week, however, while strolling about the camp, I perceived a lady with
difficulty making her way over the rough road toward our tents. She
recognized me and called, when she proved to be Miss Jones, and with
her came our long-delayed dinners; too late, of course, for Christmas
Day, but still in good time to appease the sharpened appetites that had
been worked up. Whilst our hearts were overflowing with gladness on
receipt of the presents, this kind young lady was even more so. She had
worried more over the treasure in her charge than ourselves, although
she was in nowise to blame for the delay, which was caused by an
accident on the road. On her arrival at camp we soon procured an army
wagon and brought the boxes from the railroad station, and the weather
having been continuously cold everything forwarded to us was in a good
state of preservation. It would be impossible to imagine our feelings
on receiving this change of diet, save those having had the same hard
experience; men who the year round had lived on hardtack and salt pork,
then suddenly confronted with a roast turkey, mince pies, and other
good things common to a Christmas feast. All these evidences of
affection and regard, too, coming direct from our homes and the loved
ones whom we had tendered an uncertain farewell on parting for the
camp, battlefield and prison pen. Nothing could possibly have done our
men more good, or
144 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
added so much to their pleasure, as that sumptuous Christmas dinner.
In the first week of January, 1864, our old division was required to
move its camp from where most of the men had already put up comfortable
winter huts, and they were considerably enraged about it, officers and
men alike. The trouble arose from being encamped on Miner Botts's
property, who professed to be loyal to the cause of the Union. He,
therefore, proceeded to Washington, for the purpose of making complaint
to the Government because of our, troops being located thereon, and he
returned with an official order for the division to vacate his
premises. Had Botts been a sincere Union man, he would not have
complained of having our army encamped on his grounds, for he had over
1000 acres, and, being what he professed, it was very strange the
rebels exempted him in that particular.
Our boys at headquarters had their hands full, having at all times to
make a good appearance in keeping cleanly and genteel, and at the same
time their fatigue duties consisted in looking to the cleanliness of
the whole camp, besides cutting wood for headquarters; from the fact
that wood was becoming very scarce around the camp, our labor was
considerably increased in having to go a long distance for it, in all
kinds of weather, during the winter. Otherwise, the duties of the band
were: guard mount in the morning, dress parade in the evening, besides
performing every evening, when the weather permitted, in front of
General Meade's tent, where no clap-trap music was in order, our
choicest pieces being always
REGULAR RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 145
selected. It did not take long to learn of the style of music that
pleased the General; any pretty flowing melody, smoothly arranged,
whether operatic or ballad, had a great charm for him. When he was not
familiar with any selection we played for him, he would send his
orderly to be informed of its name and who was the composer. This,
while showing his interest in the band, enabled us to become acquainted
with his particular taste, and also to play such pieces as were
agreeable to him. Whether for this or other reasons it is not presumed
to know, but we were assured by those very near to General Meade, then
and since, that he cared for no other music than our own in camp, so
long as he could hear it.
Being now in winter quarters, arrangements were made for religious
services on Sundays, for which a neat chapel was erected and where
eminent divines preached for the distinguished military family at
headquarters. General Seth Williams, Adjutant General, had charge of
the parish arrangements, and he sent for me to consult as to the
musical parts of the service. He requested the band to play a suitable
piece in front of the chapel, prior to the hour of service, to call the
congregation together. For this purpose I proposed "Der Dag des Hern"
(The Day of Our Lord), or "The Kapelle" (The Chapel). Any one familiar
with these compositions would approve either for the purpose suggested.
General Williams was then in trouble about the singing, remarking that
he knew of no officer at headquarters who could be counted on to take
part in the singing. The band again came to his relief by venturing to
supply an impromptu quartette choir. I informed him that one
10
146 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
of my men had formerly been the leader of a church choir. He seemed
very much pleased and said he would at once send an order to Washington
for hymn and music books, and he even contemplated sending for a
cabinet organ, but this part of his enthusiastic project did not carry,
on account of the bulk in transportation of the instrument. It was
therefore arranged that the band would furnish both the instrumental
and vocal music for the Sunday services. This was in the winter of
1863-4, at the Army Headquarters. Albeit our little chapel was never
consecrated, so to speak, by the usual formalities, yet, in the
presence of these distinguished men, whose lives had been offered in
testimony of their devotion to a righteous cause, this modest sanctuary
was virtually dedicated to the service of both God and their country.
Every Saturday evening General Williams would send for me to receive
the hymns selected for the morrow's worship, which came from the pastor
or rector engaged to preach, so that we could be prepared to supply our
part of the service with appropriate music. The great Generals of the
army were often in attendance, also Cabinet Officers, other eminent men
and visitors from the North. In the front seats usually sat General
Meade, with his serious, anxious, and meditative countenance,
surrounded by his staff officers. At the first of these services the
Rev. Dr. Dorr officiated, a learned and retired Episcopal clergyman who
lived at that time in Price Street, Germantown. Bishop Whipple, of
Minnesota, preached the following Sunday, a most eloquent and patriotic
sermon. He was in full Episcopal vesture and every word spoken seemed
to impress deeply his own ani-
VISITING DISTANT CAMPS. 147
mation and veneration upon the hearts and minds of his audience. Every
listener in that little congregation of the tented field appeared to be
benefited by his exceptionally eloquent discourse.
As the winter season slowly and drearily dragged along, we occasionally
paid a visit to some friends in our old corps, and also to other corps.
It was in the latter part of February when we determined to make a call
on the 15oth regiment, P. V., in the 1st Corps. This regiment did us a
great favor at Gettysburg, such as could never be forgotten, and the
band took this opportunity of making a slight acknowledgment of the
kindness in a special call. Their camp was about ten miles away from
ours, so we took the railroad and reached them about 10 P.m. We had a
great many acquaintances and some relatives in this regiment, and, when
we struck up in their camp, the men all rushed from their shanties to
receive us. After playing for nearly an hour we were escorted to
General Stone's headquarters. Music was very scarce in the 150th, and
it was almost impossible to give them enough of it. There we remained
over night and having a splendid time with our friends who were so near
to us and yet so far away. The next day the 1st Corps was reviewed by
General Meade, and we were induced to remain and take part in the
event. It was proposed that the band take the head of the division, but
Major George W. Jones, of Germantown, who was in command of the 150th,
objected, unless the regiment was assigned to the head of the line. He
claimed that the band was for the time being the regiment's guest, and
did not want to be separated from it. The Major's point was so strong
that he held the fort, and the band
148 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
With the 150th took the head of the division. General Meade was the
reviewing officer, and when he saw the band from his own headquarters
heading a division of the 1st Corps he was really astounded, and could
not be reconciled to it until the why and wherefore had been explained.
Immediately after review we bade our friends a comrade's goodbye and
took the cars for our camp. Such incidents served to add a spice of
pleasure to the tithe of these otherwise wearisome and dreary winter
months.
During our stay there a boy of 13 or 14 years of age would often come
to our camp and be with us in our tents, remaining sometimes two or
three weeks; then he would be absent for several weeks, and during this
time he would be inside the rebel lines. Again he would return, always
making sure to visit the band, when he had some story to tell of having
seen the instruments taken from us when we were captured. Every time he
came back he repeated the affirmation, and even named the instruments.
He was employed by General Meade as a spy and appeared to be well
suited for the purpose, as he was a very sharp and bright lad for one
of leis years. This lasted for a considerable time, when he was finally
caught as being a rebel spy; and to carry out his purposes the better
he actually engaged to act the spy for our army. From that time,
however, he disappeared and we never saw him again.
Our regiment at this time was well initiated in its routine of duties
at Army Headquarters, and gave great satisfaction, thus showing that
General Meade's confidence and appreciation of its services were not
misplaced. The regiment was now in command of
MORAL TONE OF THE ZOUAVES. 149
Major Bowen and remained so until after the surrender of Lee. Major
Bowen was especially suited to have charge of the exacting duties
required of his men, as he was a strict disciplinarian and kept the
Zouaves in fine martial trim, and, besides this, both he and his
command were greatly respected by the headquarters officers. As a rule,
the regiment looked as cleanly and prim as if they had just come into
the service. Our dress parades were always admired and witnessed by
large numbers of military officers and other spectators. On the 14th of
April there was quite an event at Army Headquarters in the presence of
a French
military officer of distinction, who came to witness one of the dress
parades. Everything went off like clockwork, and he was delighted with
the evolutions of our men, saying that the precision of their movements
was as near perfection as possible.
It was a part of the duties of the regiment to send details as a guard
to rebel prisoners on their way to Washington, in which the "red legs"
took great pride. They would shine up and look their best, and always
surprised the people at the Capital, as they had not been used to
seeing troops come from the battle-front in such scrupulously prim
condition. Their conduct, too, was in keeping with their genteel
appearance, for, to the great credit of the regiment, no breach of
discipline was ever reported against any of the men in Washington. On
the contrary, former guards coming there were often in trouble, as many
took the opportunity to go on sprees, and while in an intoxicated
condition were arrested for disorder and locked up for the day or
night, to their own disgrace, by the Provost Marshal of the district.
150 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
In anticipation of the approaching spring campaign a brigade was formed
at headquarters, embracing all the troops connected therewith, which
was to be used in case sudden and unlooked-for events demanded, and it
was placed in command of Colonel Collis, who so distinguished himself
that soon after he was promoted to be a brigadier.
CHAPTER X. 151
REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY - COMING OF GENERAL GRANT - CROSSING THE
RAPIDAN - BATTLE OF THE WILDERNESS - DISCOMFITURE OF A NEWSPAPER
CORRESPONDENT.
Early in March, General Meade recommended to the Government the
desirability of reorganizing the army and reducing it to three corps,
which was accepted and the work at once accomplished. By this
consolidation our old corps was added to the 2d Corps, but retaining
the original corps mark, while making it the 3d Division in the 2d
Corps. By this arrangement General French was left out, with no
command, and the 1st Corps was made a part of the 5th Corps. This
reorganization of the army under General Meade, and the changes
resulting, created considerable dissatisfaction in the corps that were
disbanded. In the army there was apparent everywhere a deal of honest
corps pride; the men were deeply absorbed in the achievements and
history thus associated; but their esprit de corps was wounded and
partially destroyed by this new and mysterious move, although they were
known thereafter by their former corps designations among each other.
General Grant having been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General,
with complete control of all the armies, on the 10th of March paid
General Meade a visit at Brandy Station. The band had been prepared to
receive him, and as he approached we welcomed
152 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
him with "Hail to the Chief!" He remained but a short time; still, the
indications everywhere were that sharp work and important events were
on the programme. In the latter part of March he paid us another visit,
during a heavy snow storm, and the men said that "he could see for
himself why the army did not move."
About the middle of April Our chapel was taken down; the Army
Headquarters' winter tents were also removed, and in place of them
field tents were substituted. The railroad was worked to its fullest
capacity and trains were running all day and all night, bringing
supplies to the army. There were cracker boxes piled up in rows a
hundred yards in length, also salt pork, sugar, and coffee in enormous
quantities. All extra or unnecessary baggage was packed up and sent to
the rear, and the sick from the hospitals and all unfit for duty were
forwarded to Washington. Indications of an early action were seen in
every movement. Every day new troops were coming down; some of them
regiments that had never seen service in the field, others were raw
recruits for old regiments; many, too, were veterans who had
reenlisted, and having had thirty days' furloughs were coming back to
test their fate on the field again. During the month of April the army
was reinforced to such an extent that it was made stronger than it had
ever been before.
It was generally observed and commonly expressed that the coming of
General Grant produced no unusual enthusiasm in the Army of the
Potomac. The men were well satisfied with Meade, had great confidence
in him, and felt that in his hands the army was safe, and that he would
never permit the slaughter of his
BEGINNING OF THE END. 153
soldiers unless the results were such as to atone for the sacrifice. At
the same time, however, these veterans had the satisfaction of knowing
that the army in the field was no longer to be commanded by a general
at Washington. They knew, too, that when active work was once commenced
and reinforcements needed they had now a man who possessed not only the
will but the power to call for unlimited and unqualified resources to
accomplish the task of subduing the Confederates. Our army was mainly
composed of thinking and intelligent men, and these facts, with the
knowledge that General Meade would remain in command of the Army of the
Potomac, put them in high spirits and made them eager to participate in
the final blow.
The first time Grant paid a visit to Meade the latter thought the
Lieutenant General might desire another to take his place, and he
unhesitatingly offered to step aside, having the impression that
General Sherman was probably desired; but Grant assured Meade that he
was in the right place, and so was Sherman. General Meade therefore
continued in command down to the end of the war. The whole army, as
previously stated, since reorganization consisted of only three corps,
namely: the 2d, under command of Major General Hancock; the 5th, under
General Warren, and the 6th, under General Sedgwick. The 9th Corps,
however, was held in reserve and encamped at Annapolis, which consisted
of 40,000 men and was in charge of General Burnside. The cavalry, which
was in better fighting condition than ever before, was placed in
command of that brilliant officer, General Phil. Sheridan.
154 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
General Grant at this time made his headquarters with us, and on the
4th day of May, 1864, the whole army was put in motion. The whole
country, too, was likewise in great expectancy and excitement as to the
result of the coming campaign. The rebel army had also been strongly
reinforced and reorganized for the supreme contest by that skillful
commander, Robert F. Lee, in whom his battle-scarred host had implicit
confidence; in fact, he was regarded by his men as invincible,
especially when fighting on their own soil.
Our army crossed the Rapidan on pontoons at Fly's and Germania Fords,
the whole affair being easily accomplished and without opposition.
Grant expected not quite so smooth a passage in getting across the
river, and was agreeably surprised that Lee did not attempt to
intercept the movement. As soon as our army had gained the other side,
however, it found itself in the Wilderness, properly so called, for the
whole region thereabouts was covered with a forest and dense
undergrowth, with an abundance of brambles and a deal of marshy soil.
Here signal stations were out of the question, artillery of no account,
and infantry movements very difficult.
General Grant's purpose evidently was to manoeuvre the army so as to
draw the enemy out of the Wilderness. The cavalry division, under
General Gregg, patrolled the plank road to Chancellorsville, while
Wilson's division of cavalry guarded the locality of Parker's Store and
Orange Court House; every precaution, in fact, was taken against a
surprise; there was to be no repetition of the former unfortunate
event. Hancock's 2d Corps was thrown out
A SHARP ENGAGEMENT. 155
to our extreme left and encamped on the old battlefield of
Chancellorsville, while the 5th Corps was at the Wilderness Tavern. The
6th Corps took the extreme right of the army, extending toward the
Rapidan. Doubtless Grant expected Lee to attack him there and throw his
army between Hancock and Richmond. In that case our whole army would
have marched to Hancock's assistance and have been outside the
Wilderness; but as a skillful general rarely does just what his
adversary would desire, Lee made his preparations to attack other
points of the line, thus compelling Grant to recall Hancock. So far,
however, our army was unmolested.
Early on the morning of the 5th of May reveille was beaten before
daybreak, and soon our army began to move southward, and it was not
long before General Lee interfered with our march by attacking
Griffin's division of the 5th Corps, which had to fall back; but just
then General Warren threw in Bartlett's and Ayres' division of
regulars, who soon became hotly engaged with Ewell's Corps, and after
fighting desperately for an hour at least, our. troops had to retire,
losing two guns on account of the horses having been killed. Following
this, two divisions of the 5th Corps, Wadsworth's and Robinson's, were
ordered in, and they succeeded in holding the rebels in check after
another hour or more -of incessant musketry, when the enemy in turn
fell back. It was evidently their design to break our right centre,
which they failed to do. This encounter no doubt compelled, or
prompted, General Grant to recall the 2d Corps from the vicinity of
Chancellorsville.
156 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
Our army being still disconnected, as Hancock had not yet reached us
from the left, General Lee then tried the left centre of our line by
charging with great desperation, in the hope to break through between
Warren's 5th Corps and Hancock. The attack came about 3 o'clock P.M.,
from A. P. Hill's Corps. Our 5th Corps had been reinforced by Getty's
division of the 6th Corps, which was put in the gap on the left of
Warren. The stubborn fighting of these troops gave time for the 2d
Corps to reach them by hard marching, and soon after Hancock burst upon
the enemy with a raking fire of musketry. Our old corps, now a division
of the 2d Corps, fought under Birney, our former commander, and the men
acted, as they always did, with great credit to themselves and to the
corps. Barton's and Gibbon's divisions of the 2d Corps also joined in
the desperate effort to hold this part of the line. The fighting was of
the most stubborn character possible, and such unbroken rattling of
musketry had not been heard, it was said by the gallant men, since the
war began. There was a continuous volley from the infantry on both
sides, no end to or intervals between the discharges; so unlike other
battles, in which artillery nearly always played an important part.
Here the infantry had the contest for supremacy to themselves, the
field was theirs, and the battle raged for hours. It seemed almost
impossible for human life to survive it. The enemy appeared in great
force and sorely pressed our veteran corps, and, in order to relieve
our noble fellows who so heroically were bearing the brunt of battle,
an advance along the whole line was ordered, albeit darkness was just
gathering as a
PAINFUL SCENES. 157
mantle to cover the bloody scene from view. Sedgwick, with the 6th
Corps, pushed Ewell on the right back some distance, but the conflict
went on until late at night, and with this slight gain only on the
right the first day's fighting ceased. The loss in killed and wounded
on each side was fearfully large and supposed to be about equal, but
the enemy showed about 1000 prisoners to our 300.
The headquarters of our army being on the Plank Road, during the whole
day and until dark we could see thousands of wounded, in every
imaginable condition, making their way down the road as best they could
in search of the field hospitals. This sight alone was a painful one,
never to be effaced from memory. The fighting, desperate as it was, led
to no decisive results, and both armies ceased the slaughter only to
look with uncertainty to the coming day. During the night our army was
reinforced by the arrival of Burnside's corps, and the rebels were also
strengthened in the coming of Longstreet and his veteran corps.
In this campaign General Grant depended chiefly on the telegraph for
communication and needed information; therefore, as soon as the line of
the army was thrown out the wires of the telegraph accompanied it. The
arrangements for this very important service were as near the point of
perfection as possible. The mules carried the wires on their backs,
which were coiled on reels, one animal starting to the right and
another to the left. In this way, under the guidance of trained men,
the wires were made to reach the desired destination without much
difficulty. A wagon containing a number of long poles accompanied the
wire-mules. On these poles the wires were elevated,
158 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
excepting, of course, where trees were convenient, when the limbs or
trunks were substituted. Sometimes it took only a few minutes to
establish a complete line of communication from right to left.
General Grant remained with us, but General Meade was always on the
field and in constant intercourse over the telegraph wires with the
former, who was thus enabled to be promptly posted of every occurrence
of importance claiming the attention of General Meade. Having been near
the presence of General Grant every day, from morning until night, from
the Rapidan to the James Rivers, during the most serious actions, and
when the life of the Government was trembling in his hands, we do not
remember of ever noticing a change in his countenance. He seemed
immovable by the hazardous events taking place in the field; always the
same rigid features chiseled upon his browned face, and never without a
cigar between his lips.
On Tuesday, May 6th, as soon as day broke the rebels made a vigorous
attack on our right, which was held by Sedgwick's 6th Corps, in the
hope of breaking his line, but our men repulsed them and advanced
several hundred yards. A second time the assault was made and again it
failed, both sides losing heavily in killed and wounded. Our troops
now, at every opportunity, used their spades to good advantage in
throwing up breastworks, while on the left Hancock advanced and drove
Hill's corps about two miles, but Longstreet came to the help of Hill
and they held their ground. Subsequently they attacked our whole line
with such strength and desperation as to throw some portions into
confusion, but Burnside's
A TERRIFIC STRUGGLE. 159
corps coming in fresh and reinforcing our line, the rebel army was held
in check. The enemy fought with the greatest tenacity possible, and the
thickets were strewn with the killed and wounded of both sides-dead and
dying lying together as the line swayed backward and forward during the
progress of the terrific struggle. In this battle General Wadsworth,
commanding a division of the 6th Corps, was mortally wounded and taken
prisoner.
In the afternoon the battle was renewed. Our line was more
concentrated, but they made the most determined assaults against our
centre and left, and finally our line had to yield, and was forced to
fall back some distance. Stevenson's division of the 9th Corps, after
holding out heroically for a long time, gave way, but Hancock sent
Carroll's brigade, of his own corps, who made a. gallant charge, and
the infuriated rebels were checked. General Lee, being convinced that
he could not destroy this part of our line, now turned his attention to
the right of our line again, and towards evening, by a sudden and
furious attack, he broke the brigades of Seymour and Shaler, on the
extreme right, and both Generals were captured, together with a large
portion of their commands. Notwithstanding this succession of reverses,
General Sedgwick finally succeeded in establishing his line and holding
his position.
Had Lee known how near he came to breaking our line, he would not have
stopped where he did. It looked extremely dark for a time on our side;
so serious, in fact, that we had hurried orders to take the
headquarters train back to the Rapidan, but not cross the river. We
then made a night march through the
160 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
Wilderness and encamped on the Rapidan, not crossing. Here was clearly
demonstrated the necessity of a reliable guard for our valuable train.
Had a cavalry dash been made upon it by the enemy, it would have been
defended to the life of the last man; but this was only a precautionary
move, and everything having turned out right, we made our way back to
the former position, near the line of battle.
It was this move, doubtless, that prompted the army correspondent of a
newspaper to have had- published an article in which General Meade was
detractively referred to, declaring that "If it had not been for
General Grant, Meade would long ago have retreated across the Rapidan,"
or to that effect. When the paper containing that statement was read at
headquarters every one became enraged. The offending correspondent was
arrested and handed over to the tender mercy of General Patrick, the
Provost Marshal, who at once procured a drum corps and a bugler. A card
was then pinned on the back of the correspondent, having the words
"Libeler of the Press" boldly inscribed thereon, after which he was
placed in position, the bugler loudly calling attention to his
humiliation and the drum corps playing the "Rogue's March." In this way
the offender was paraded along the whole line, causing a deal of
merriment and odious remarks among the soldiers. After passing through
this ordeal, he was sent off and forbidden ever to come within the
lines of the army again. General Grant himself gave this man a personal
permit, or pass, to accompany the army as special correspondent of the
press, and he appealed to him to reverse the decision of General Meade,
but the Lieutenant Gen-
WILLING SACRIFICES. 161
eral refused to interfere, and that was the last seen of this "libeler
of the press" with our army.
The losses on the last day of battle were fearfully large, the result
indecisive, and all the wounded coming back reported the rebels in
larger numbers than ourselves, and that we were being everywhere
overmatched. The wisdom of General Lee was afterward made clear to all,
in not accepting Grant's strategic invitation to throw his army between
Hancock and Richmond and there attack him. In that event the balance of
our army would have followed Hancock, and the Wilderness battles not
have taken place. The country below Chancellorsville is mostly clear,
and at that place also there are good positions for artillery, and the
chances would no doubt have been in our favor. While he was posted here
Lee could move his army unperceived by us and hurl heavy masses of men
against almost any favorable portion of our line with success, which
probably left the impression upon our soldiers, as previously stated,
that we were greatly outnumbered in every contest. The determination
and spirit of the enemy may be inferred from the repeated intercourse
we had with rebel prisoners, who affirmed that they intended fighting
at the stand they had taken to the bitter end, and the only regret they
felt in being captured was that they could not be at the front helping
their comrades to test our strength and courage; if they had a dozen
lives each to sacrifice, they declared that they would gladly offer
them to the Confederacy. Such was the spirit and mettle of the men our
unyielding army was determined to conquer.
At no time since the beginning of the war did the
162 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
Sanitary Commission do so much good and efficient service as during
this bloody campaign; it was then equipped and provided with everything
needed to assist and relieve the sick and wounded; rebel and Union
alike were cared for with the same consideration and tenderness;
wherever the Commission was, there were helping hands, consoling words,
and hearts feeling that it was "barbarous to insult a fallen foe." At
Gettysburg this merciful assistance did not arrive until the army had
left the battlefield, and had its corps of assistants been there during
the progress of the several days' fighting, many lives would doubtless
have been saved through their assistance among the wounded who were
scattered over a broad expanse. In this campaign they were on the spot
in advance, and at a time when they could do the most good. The service
of the Sanitary Commission was such as can never be told. The
destruction that came of the vollied thunder and clashing steel they
labored earnestly to repair.
CHAPTER XI. 163
SPOTTSYLVANIA - DEATH OF GENERAL SEDGWICK - REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE ARMY
- A DRUMMER BOY'S SAD FATE - THE BLOODY ANGLE - LUDICROUS INCIDENTS AT
HOSPITAL - GUINEY'S STATION.
On the morning of the seventh day of May Lee did not renew his attacks,
concluding, probably, that they did not pay for the losses sustained;
for the lives sacrificed fell severely upon his limited resources. Our
army, however, found the enemy too strong to venture an attack,
although it looked as if they had determined to experiment on the
defensive. Grant, therefore, resolved to move on the first flank by the
left to Spottsylvania, and to this end our trains were put in motion
early in the afternoon. This was at once anticipated by Lee, who,
learning of Grant's purpose and having the inside track, put his army
in motion and reached the objective point before we did. In the
meantime our cavalry were warmly engaged with the rebel cavalry, and
with great success. At one time General Hooker was reported to have
sneeringly offered a reward for a dead cavalryman, but on this march we
saw any number of them; in fact, this dashing branch of the army did
most efficient work under General Sheridan, one of its most brilliant
and calculating leaders. This department of the service had to clear
the way for the infantry and. protect the immense wagon trains. On this
march we passed a
164 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
locality where the woods were on fire, probably from the musketry in
the engagement. The smoke was dense and the odor in the atmosphere
stifling. In these burning woods many wounded soldiers, who had fallen
or crept there, died from the effects of the raging flames and smoke,
and their bodies were consumed. As we made this march at night, on
account of the flames and smoke we frequently were compelled to turn
off the road to avoid the annoyance. This march over fields brought our
headquarters close to a road on which Longstreet's corps was in motion,
but by midnight we reached the vicinity of Todd's Tavern, where the 5th
Corps had already made camp; the 2d Corps, having been delayed along
the road, did not arrive until 9 o'clock on the morning of the 8th. At
an early hour on this morning the 5th Corps pushed ahead, General
Robinson on the lead, and the same obstacles as in the Wilderness were
encountered - scarcely anything but thick woods and undergrowth to pass
through and over. But these were emerged from at Alsop's, where there
was a clearing and which is only about two miles from Spottsylvania
Courthouse. As Robinson's corps advanced it was suddenly saluted by a
hot musketry fire that fairly staggered the men, but other troops
coming up just then they all became engaged, and by 12 o'clock at noon
Warren had pushed the enemy back to Spottsylvania. Soon after this the
2d Corps joined the 5th Corps, and by evening our whole army confronted
Lee. It was ascertained that the position of the enemy was a very
strong one, the line being mostly protected in front by woodland that
was slashed, and where the line was open they were defended by abattis
and every favorable
DEATH OF SEDGWICK. 165
position had a battery planted thereon. Our army formed in front, sharp
skirmishing ensued, and sharpshooters were active on both sides. This
was on the morning of the 9th, and we met with a great and sad loss in
the death of General Sedgwick, who was picked off by a rebel
sharpshooter on the right of the line. The brave and greatly esteemed
commander had been cautioned by some of his staff as to the dangerous
position he occupied, but he knew of no such thing as fear, and thus
his invaluable services in defense of the Union came prematurely to a
close. When his body was brought to our headquarters there was an
indescribable silence and sadness that took possession of every one.
At this time of the war the terms of service for which many of the men
enlisted had expired, and some of them were put in action after their
time was up. Every day squads of veterans were bidding farewell to
their comrades, and, of course, they were usually in excellent spirits.
To an appreciable extent these withdrawals reduced our efficiency, and,
with the losses in action, it began to tell seriously upon the physical
force to do battle with, but General Grant now employed the unlimited
power conferred upon him as Lieutenant-General of the Armies, and
reinforced our army by calling on the regiments stationed around the
forts at Washington and Baltimore. There were heavy artillery regiments
among them, and some had been stationed around those cities since the
breaking out of the war. It was this comparative ease that induced a
great many to enlist in them, and many of these regiments swelled to
mammoth proportions. Now, to the great disgust of the men, they were
166 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
brought down to us as infantry, to reinforce the Army of the Potomac.
Some of these fancy regiments numbered not less than five thousand men;
really, one of them put on a more formidable appearance, as to
strength, than some of our fighting divisions. The bringing of these
regimental garrisons from silent fortresses to learn something of the
"art and misery" of war tickled the veterans immensely, and whenever
they met them the teasing salutation would pass: "How are you, Heavy
Artillery? How do you like it?" After this infusion of raw material
into our army, the old soldiers saw something of a very practical turn
in Grant, and began to praise him as they had never done before.
A few words will suffice to illustrate the greenness of these heavy
artillerymen as soldiers, and I may here narrate something that
occurred at headquarters to which I chanced to be a witness. Some of
them really picked up several loaded shells to set their camp kettles
on. They started a fire around them for the purpose of boiling their
coffee, and in a very short time one or more of the bombs exploded,
prostrating seven men around their kettles on the ground, and two of
the former artillerymen were mortally wounded. It was a wonder that no
more serious damage was done, as there were many soldiers standing
around, and some very near the explosion; even Army Headquarters was
endangered by the fragments of the destructive missiles. These men had
been doing guard duty for two years in the cities named. Very soon,
however, they were to see and feel what real soldiering meant, and it
came to them much sooner than they had expected.
A NOBLE DRUMMER BOY. 167
As these new arrivals all reported at headquarters, and from there were
assigned to such brigades as most needed them, from personal
observation I am enabled to say that not less than thirty thousand men
were thus added to our army, which went far toward replenishing its
severe losses. One of these regiments soon after its arrival was
encamped along the road a short distance to the right of headquarters.
The rebels saw an opening in our line in front of them and charged the
breach. This "heavy artillery," opportunely, was the only force at
command to meet the assault, and it was of. necessity thrown in. To
their credit, however, although never having been in action before,
they fought well and held the enemy in check until our old corps, now
the "Flying Division" of the 2d Corps, came on a double-quick to
relieve them.
During this campaign a drummer boy, about thirteen years of age,
usually made his camp with the band, and became endeared to us by
reason of his genial disposition and winning manners. His father
belonged to a battery, and here at Spottsylvania the guns of the
battery were just in front of us on a hill. The boy, being aware that
his father could not boil his coffee, as they were forbidden to make a
fire, the affectionate lad boiled his father's coffee over our fire,
and with some salt pork and hardtack he would regularly take the meal
to him. He was admonished not to remain on the hill for any time, as
our men expected the rebels to open on them at any moment; but the
faithful boy bad reached his father, and wanted to wait and bring his
coffee kettle with him for future use. Contrary to his father's
warnings, he waited until the coffee was drank, and just as he was
ready
168 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
to leave the rebels opened their batteries on that position, the first
shell striking the brave boy and killing him on the spot. There were
many death scenes of a most touching character in those days, but none
were more affecting than this, and it was a long time before it could
be erased from our minds.
Tuesday, the 10th of May, proved to be the most sanguinary day of the
campaign. It was unlike the contest in the Wilderness, as there were
more commanding positions for our artillery, and the action opened by a
terrific cannonade against the rebel line. Charges were made by the 9th
Corps, under Burnside, and a division of the 2d Corps, on the left,
while Gibbon's and Birney's divisions of the 2d Corps, on the right of
them, supported the 5th Corps. For several hours the fighting was of
the most stubborn character on both sides. Our men drove the rebels up
to their works, but it was impossible to take them. General Rice, who
commanded a brigade in the 5th Corps, was here killed. Toward evening
another effort was made by an advance of the whole line, but the only
advantage gained was by two brigades of the 6th Corps, Russell's and
Upton's, who led the charge, and while moving forward firmly received a
murderous fire; but unflinchingly they pressed on, without firing a
shot, and scaled the rebel works, capturing more than one thousand
prisoners and several guns. As they were not properly supported for
such an effort, they had to fall back with their dearly purchased
victory and the prisoners. Thus night closed upon the hard-fought field
without any decisive result.
Wednesday, May 11th was a comparatively quiet day, with the exception
of a reconnoissance on our
HANCOCK'S SPLENDID ACHIEVEMENT. 169
right. In the afternoon there was a heavy rain, the first we had since
crossing the Rapidan. It was on this day that General Grant sent his
famous dispatch to the Secretary of War, which read as follows: -
"We have now ended the sixth day of very hard fighting; the result at
this time is much in our favor; our losses have been heavy, as well as
those of the enemy. I think the loss of the enemy must be greater. We
have taken over 5000 prisoners in battle; while he has taken from us
but few except stragglers. I propose to fight it out on this line if it
takes all summer."
When the soldiers read this dispatch in the newspapers, it excited a
deal of concern and discussion among them as to what it actually meant;
but the general conclusion was that General Grant had found more
fighting than he expected and that a great deal more was to be done.
However, one thing was certain, that the hardest was yet to come.
During the night of the 11th Hancock had orders to bring his corps from
the right to the left, so as to be unnoticed, if possible, by the
enemy, and at a very early hour the following morning, under cover of a
heavy fog, he quietly moved toward the angle in the line held by
Johnson's division, and as soon as they beheld the rebel line they gave
a terrific cheer and rushed through without firing a single shot,
though receiving a scathing fire of musketry, but the rebels were
unable to recover. Our men moved steadily on and captured the angle,
taking 4000 prisoners, including Major Generals Johnson and Stewart,
besides twenty guns. As soon as they carried the first line they
charged, and the whole line advanced in order to
170 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
prevent Hancock from being crushed, and the most desperate fighting
possible took place. The rain now carne down in torrents, but it did
not dampen the ardor of the men. About nine o'clock: the beaten rebels,
seemingly exasperated to the point of reckless desperation by their
great loss, made almost superhuman efforts to regain the position and
drive the 2d Corps, but by this tune the 6th Corps was supporting the
former on the right, while it was impossible for them to push us back.
This prevented our army making any further advance, nor could we take
the twenty captured guns away; they were ours, but could not be
touched, as they were completely covered by the firing of the enemy,
and the firing on both sides was incessant by artillery and musketry.
While the fighting was in progress the rebels constructed a new line
and also fortified it.
Both armies were now in such positions that neither could advance. The
wedge that Hancock drove into the rebel line was not sent home. At the
west angle the contest was simply murderous. The contending forces were
separated only by the earthworks, and the men could reach over with
their bayonets and kill and fall back, but as soon as one rebel was
dispatched another would take his place, and frequently one was seen to
pull the other over the embankments. It was here that the oak tree,
twenty-two inches in diameter, was literally cut off by bullets from
the musketry of the contestants, as it fell during the night and killed
several men who had sought shelter where, during the day, the leaden
hail did such marvelous work. This terrible conflict and wholesale
taking of life continued all day and a portion of the night; it was an
WHOLESALE SLAUGHTER. 171
awful picture of carnage, and, as Byron has written, "All that the
devil would do, if run stark mad, was here let loose."
The new line in the rear that the enemy had formed was very strong, and
when our army advanced it was found to be impregnable. This, although
the most successful day since crossing the Rapidan, still left the
final outcome in doubt. Lee, however, by fighting as he did for the
angle, gained sufficient time to secure a strong line in the rear. When
the rebel generals, Johnson and Stewart, were brought as prisoners to
General Hancock, the latter having been an old acquaintance of both in
the regular army, Hancock extended his, hand, saying, "How are you,
Stewart?" The proud and defiant rebel responded, "Under the
circumstances, I reject your hand." Hancock as promptly replied: "Under
any other circumstances I would not have offered my hand to you." The
losses in this sanguinary contest were very large on both sides. Our
loss in killed and wounded aggregated 17,722, and, including those of
the Wilderness, since crossing the Rapidan a total of 37,335 was
reported. After all this hard usage, and the rebels getting a full
share of it, it was evident that both armies required absolute rest.
When it is considered that the marching by our army was mostly done at
night, and demanded constant watchfulness on the part of the men in the
face of the enemy, it can hardly be realized to what extent the
consequent loss of sleep and mental strain taxed both officers and men;
really, the full measure of endurance had nearly been reached.
During this severe campaign the duties of the band, as musicians, were
of necessity light; there was no
172 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
time for guard-mounts and dress-parades; the chief duty consisted of a
serenade in the evening at Army Headquarters, where Grant and Meade and
their staffs were assembled. As field hospitals were located all around
us, we had an opportunity of listening to a large number of bands; many
of them, however, were of an indifferent character, both as to the
class of music and its performance. One thing was particularly
observed, that these organizations were all under a certain kind of
military discipline, and were required to assist the doctors and act as
stretcher-bearers, duties which most of them had previously shrank
from. At Gettysburg, where so much help was constantly needed, the
Zouave Band of the 114th Regiment, P. V., was the only one that
assisted at the hospital, and so it did at other battles. At this time,
and rightly, too, all bands were required to report to the surgeons for
duty.
Having a brief season of leisure, we took occasion to visit the
different field hospitals, and even there, in the midst of extreme
suffering and mental agony, it was a study of human nature to observe
how the ludicrous, or love of humor, would often break through the
stern features of wounded soldiers. Seeing a man with a singular wound
in his face, the ball having taken away a portion of his cheek and
nose, curiosity prompted an inquiry as to the injury. He said it was
done by a dead rebel. Asking for an explanation, with a deal of
hesitancy and concern on our part, he cheerfully informed us that he
was on picket duty and that 11e and a dead rebel were each other's
target, both being behind trees and firing at each other whenever an
opportunity was presented. Finally, he said,
HUMEROUS HOSPITAL INCIDENTS. 173
he had a good chance at the Johnny, just as he uncovered himself, when
he fired, and the rebel picket threw up his hands and soon lay
stretched out on the ground. This made him careless, as he thought
there was no more to fear from that particular picket, so he began to
stroll leisurely on his round, when suddenly the supposed dead rebel
sprang up, stood erect, and fired, with the sadly disfiguring effect
that we noticed on his cheek and nose. "This time," the wounded man
jocularly remarked, "the dead rebel had come the Yankee over him."
Another soldier, a German, had a different experience. A minie ball
passed through the fleshy part of his arm and struck a large watch in
his pocket, which, on account of its size and strength, certainly saved
his life. This man, however, appeared to be in great agony; not by
reason of his wound, but because his watch was spoiled and would run no
more. The timepiece his father gave him before leaving the Faderland,
telling him always to be careful with it. The dispirited man was beyond
consolation, and moved about swearing at the rebel who broke his watch.
Whether walking or sitting, the plaintive cry was heard: "Mine watch!
Mine watch!"
An Irishman, also in hospital, who heard the German mourning over his
irreparable loss, ridiculed him about his "confounded watch," and said
he had met with a far greater misfortune. This son of Erin was the
possessor of a highly prized smoking pipe; it was an inheritance; and
from which, while on picket, a rebel ball cut clean off half the cup
and drove the fragment into his cheek. His pipe was done for and his
face indelibly scarred. He, too, thought more of
174 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
the pipe and its loss than of his peculiar injury. With a deal of
Celtic good humor, at the expense of the German, he said: "My
misfortune is far greater than yours; for you can't smoke a watch, and
about the time of day for soup these buglers and drummers are enough
for me."
At this period of the campaign the army was short of rations, and while
standing by the roadside doing my best to devour a hardtack, a division
of the 2d Corps happened to be moving from the right to left. Quickly a
soldier rushed toward me and offered a dollar for the biscuit I was
trying to master, declaring that he had nothing to eat that day. I
hastened back to our camp and made known the incident to my comrades,
and in a few minutes we had a dozen haversacks filled with biscuits for
these hungry soldiers, although the tender to them was only as a drop
in the bucket. Soon after this, however, the men received a fresh
supply.
On the 18th of this eventful month our army made another attempt
against the left of the rebel line, it having been thought they had
weakened that part of their line to strengthen the centre, and the
effort cost some hard fighting for the 2d and 6th Corps; but it was a
failure, and in the struggle our loss was about 2000 men, killed and
wounded. Now, baffled in every heroic endeavor to break any portion of
the rebel line, General Grant determined to make another move on the
left flank. It was thought that by sending a corps off toward Richmond,
General Lee would interpose his army between the two, and then, before
he could intrench, our army would have a fair chance to crush him.
Accordingly, on the night of the 20th, Hancock,
A VERY NARROW ESCAPE. 175
with his "Fighting Corps," took up the march by way of Guiney's Station
on the Fredericksburg and Richmond Railroad, which point he reached in
the morning, then proceeded to Milford Station, where he met an
infantry brigade and drove them across the Mattapony. Hancock followed
and intrenched. The next day the remainder of our army withdrew from in
front of Spottsylvania and marched in the direction of the 2d Corps.
Headquarters were removed to Guiney's Station, and while there it made
a very narrow escape from being totally captured by Fitz-Hugh Lee's
cavalry, who made a charge on us, and which was only saved by the
gallantry of our regiment, the 114th, which made a most brilliant
charge and succeeded in driving back the daring rebel raiders. This
splendid effort was witnessed by both Grant and Meade, and the Zouaves
d'Afrique were highly complimented by them for the bravery and spirit
displayed. The regiment being off to make the charge, the band was
ordered to pitch in to fold up headquarters tents for the wagons in
waiting. A captain, a Swede, who was one of the staff, swore that he
would not move until he had his coffee. "My coffee!" he called, while
his colored cook was a half mile away, and still running with all his
might.
CHAPTER XII. 176
MOVEMENT ON NORTH ANN - GRANT BAFFLED - NARROW ESCAPE OF GRANT AND
MEADE - MOVEMENTS OF THE CAVALRY - COLD HARBOR - CROSSING THE JAMES
RIVER.
At five o'clock on the morning of the 22d, orders were given for the
army to move on a hunt for the enemy, as it was discovered he had
crossed the North Ann River. The roads leading in that direction were
but few and in bad condition, the troops frequently taking the farm or
plantation roads. The banks of the river were high, but our army soon
had pontoons in position, and General Warren at once pushed his whole
corps and artillery over. Hill's corps soon after attacked him and with
some success, but our artillery interposed. The 6th Corps came to the
assistance of the 5th Corps, but did not cross the river until the
24th, In the meantime Warren held his position and intrenched. General
Hancock, with the 2d Corps, came up on the left and found the rebels
strongly intrenched on the south side of the river. Here the telegraph
road bridge was strongly held by works to protect it, but Birney's
division made a gallant charge and drove them across the river, thus
preventing them from destroying it. The next morning. it was found that
the enemy had abandoned their position, and the 2d Corps crossed the
river, and, when reconnoitred, it was seen that they had been well
fortified. Here again they were prepared to
GRANT AND MEADE SURPRISED. 177
baffle our best efforts. Their right rested on a deep swamp, their left
on a small river, and their centre thrown forward, thus partly
separating our right from the left, and in a short time they could
easily reinforce any part of their army. General Lee had shown his
wisdom in selecting this position. On the other hand, we could not
reinforce from right or left without crossing the river twice. In a
position like that which they held the enemy was secure against a force
triple their own strength. Here General Grant pondered and planned, but
all to no account; in fact, so far he had failed, but he determined on
another move, this time to the left, and General Meade received orders
on the 26th to withdraw the army, and as soon as darkness dropped its
curtain the movement began. The order was to cross the Pamunkey River
in the vicinity of Hanovertown, the distance to be marched being about
thirty-two miles over the shortest roads.
Army Headquarters did not move until morning, at an early hour; had
just finished breakfast; all were ready to go on the march; the wagon
train was in motion, with the Zouaves accompanying as guard. All had
left save Grant and Meade and their staffs, who were just getting ready
for the march, when unexpectedly a line of rebel pickets appeared on
the opposite bank of the river, not more than fifty yards from us, and
within a hundred yards of the Generals. As quick as thought, both Grant
and Meade jumped on their horses, and when in the stirrups it did not
take long for them to pass beyond the bounds of danger. They galloped
over the fields and soon joined the train on the road, about a mile in
advance. In the meantime the rebels planted a battery, but they
178 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
were too late to do any harm and only succeeded in damaging the rear
wagon of the train. Had they known what was within their grasp at that
moment, they could have captured both Grant and Meade, and by sending
one hundred men, or even a less number, across the stream, a short
distance above, all of us could have been taken prisoners before the
least assistance could have been rendered. As it was, the rebel pickets
could have shot both Grant and Meade, the distance between them being
so narrow. It was afterward said that the cause of this perilous state
of affairs, by which the commanders of our army were placed in imminent
danger, was in some misunderstanding as to the time our line in front
was to have been removed, General Meade contending that the order was
put into effect an hour earlier than directed.
The cavalry, in command of General Sheridan, were sent forward, as
usual, to clear the way for the advance and find the enemy, and by nine
o'clock on the morning of the 27th he was at Hanovertown, where he
crossed the Pamunkey and met a brigade of the rebel cavalry, which were
soon pushed out of the way. On the following day General Sheridan was
ordered to make a demonstration toward Richmond, beyond a place known
as Harris's Shop. In this, General Gregg came across the enemy's
cavalry, when a sharp and long fight took place. Gregg was outnumbered,
but continued the contest tenaciously until reinforced by Curtin's
brigade, who, with their repeating rifles, made it so hot for the rebel
troopers that they were compelled to retire. About four hundred were
killed and wounded on each side. In the meantime our infantry were
pressing forward and had
A GENERAL MOVEMENT ORDERED. 179
found the enemy on the south side of the Talopotomey Creek. The
proximity of out- army now to Richmond determined General Lee to
prevent us crossing, if possible.
On the morning of the 30th a strong attack was made on our skirmishing
line and it was driven in, and in the afternoon Warren, who was on the
Mechanicsville Road, was fiercely attacked by Ewell's corps and driven
back some distance. General Meade now ordered a general movement on the
whole rebel line, and by nightfall the enemy was driven at every point,
leaving their dead and wounded in our hands. At this time our army was
reinforced by the 1 8th Corps, under General W. F. Smith, from the Army
of the James. This corps was already moving on the enemy's right in
conjunction with the 6th Corps.
Many of the soldiers now began to fear that the next move would take
our army to the Chickahominy region, which was only some ten miles
south of the Pamunkey. The veterans keenly recollected the miasmatic
swamps that proved so pestilential to the army in 1862, under General
George B. McClellan. Would the army encamp in these deathdealing
marshes and make gradual approaches toward Richmond, while General
Butler would do the same south of the James River? Such were the
tormenting speculations the men were now burdening their minds with.
There were a number of engagements along the line during the night of
the 30th, a sharp one taking place in front of Burnside's corps, but it
did not continue a long time. The following day there was a brilliant
action, in which Birney's division carried a
180 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
breastwork and tools many prisoners. There were also desultory
engagements at various points of our line, which now extended a
distance of about six miles.
General Grant had sent Torbert's division of Sheridan's cavalry in the
vicinity of Cold Harbor; to hold that place for the infantry, where
they had hard fighting with Fitz Hugh Lee's cavalry, supported by
Hoke's infantry. Our men managed to hold the position, but with great
difficulty. Next day the cavalry fighting, against artillery, was
harder still, as Lee had shown a determination to hold Cold Harbor,
while Sheridan had positive orders to secure it. Longstreet's corps
coming to the rescue of Lee's cavalry, and soon after our 6th Corps
putting in their appearance, this relieved the cavalry. About 3 P.M.
the 18th Corps also came up, and, though wearied by a long and rough
march, formed in line, and a vigorous charge was made. For a distance
of two-thirds of a mile, on open ground, our brave men were swept by
the rebel artillery, but the line pressed forward with almost
superhuman courage and rushed over the earthworks of the enemy, holding
the first line of their rifle pits and securing six hundred prisoners.
But the rebels still held the line on their right and which enfiladed
the rifle pits. Our troops, however, held Cold Harbor, and the enemy
could not be driven from his position. Our loss here was about two
thousand - much heavier than that of the rebels, for they had the
advantage of fighting behind well-constructed breastworks.
On the 1st day of June General Hancock, with the 2d Corps, took up the
line of march for Cold Harbor.
TERRIBLE SLAUGHTER. 181
It was between twilight and dark when he started, and on the next
morning he reached in safety the objective point. The roads were in bad
condition, the heat and suffocating dust oppressive, and as a result
the corps on its arrival was not in a condition for immediate action
and no attack was made that day. The 3d of June, however, was decided
upon for a general attack, to be made by the 2d, 6th, and 18th Corps.
At 4.30 P. M. the line advanced under a heavy artillery and musketry
fire and carried the advanced rifle pits, but the storm of lead and
iron hail became hotter and heavier as our troops advanced, and cross-
fires also swept the whole line from the extreme right to left. In the
face of all this our brave men pushed on close to the main line of the
enemy, but it was impossible to carry it, and they quickly, put
themselves under cover within a short distance of the main works, where
they remained. The contest here lasted only for an hour, but at a
fearful loss to us in both men and officers. In that short hour our
army lost between 6000 and 7000 men. Conversing with some of our
soldiers who participated in this struggle, they said that, no matter
in what direction they looked, the rebels had batteries to enfilade our
line, and it was simply an unpardonable sacrifice of life to attempt
another charge, unless the raking batteries could be silenced. Grant
and Meade wanted to make another assault, but such fighting generals as
Hancock and other corps commanders were emphatically opposed to the
useless slaughter. We had no positions for artillery to silence their
guns. Our commanders were therefore ordered to hold the position they
occupied, and steps were taken for regular approaches. The army laid
there
182 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
until the 12th day of June, when it was withdrawn to cross the James
River.
It would be impossible to describe, or even imagine, the extent of
suffering endured by those who were in the front line. Every day there
was sharp skirmishing, and even during the night there would be heavy
firing. The men in the front line had to keep close down in narrow
trenches, the least exposure of their bodies being a target for rebel
bullets. They had no water, save a trifle to quench their thirst
occasionally, and that was of the worst kind possible. During the day
the sun broiled down upon them, and all around were dead horses and
mules, besides the decomposing bodies of comrades who could not be
buried. There were horrid sights and sickening odors in the air. The
surrounding country was low and marshy, and sickness of a malarial type
was rapidly increasing in the army. Therefore preparations were being
made for another move, this time across the James River, as previously
stated. The total loss the army sustained in battle since crossing the
Pamunkey aggregated about 18,000 in killed, wounded, and missing.
After the fighting had ceased on the 3d of June, a great many of the
dead and wounded remained on the field between the two lines, and our
men, at the risk of their lives, brought a large number in; many died,
however, who would have been saved could they have been reached with
the hope of returning with them. General Grant requested a truce in
order to bring in the dead that were scattered between the lines. This
was on the 5th of June, but there was some cause for delay until the
7th, when two hours were allowed from 6 to 8 o'clock P.m. This
important and humane
WITHDRAWAL FROM COLD HARBOR. 183
work was promptly commenced by a large force of men, and during the
brief interval thus occupied all the dead were buried, but very fee of
the wounded were found alive. At this time we had at headquarters about
a dozen of rebels, who claimed that they had been captured contrary to
the rules of war, while the flag of truce was in force. Generously on
our part their plea was accepted, but they appeared to be in no hurry
of returning at the first opportunity under the little white symbol of
temporary peace. They were hospitably treated while with us, and
greatly enjoyed our good coffee, an article then unknown as part of
their rations.
In order to facilitate our army in withdrawing from Cold Harbor, our
engineers, on the 9th, began to intrench a line in the rear of that
place, which was completed on the 11th. To transport such a large army
across a wide and deep river was a difficult task, particularly in the
face of a keen and vigilant enemy. It was not only the mass of men
composing the army, but all that belonged to it-artillery and
ammunition trains; subsistence, quartermaster, hospital, and ambulance
trains, and various other accessories only known to the field and camp.
All, however, was skillfully and successfully accomplished, the point
of crossing having been Wilcox Landing. The march from Cold Harbor to
the landing, on the James River, was a distance of nearly forty miles,
the greater portion of the march being made at night-time. During all
this campaign the duties of the band were by no means onerous, and
headquarters as a rule being located in the centre of the line, we had
a plenty of time and abundant opportunities for personal observation.
We
184 MUSIC ON THE MARCH.
could see every move made in the rear, from any portion of the line.
Pontoons had to be laid over the Chickahominy Creek, and on the 13th
the 5th Corps and cavalry crossed as an advance to secure the passage
of the, remainder of the army and continued in the direction of Charles
City. General Warren was soon after attacked and had sharp skirmishing
with the enemy, losing 300 of his men. But this move deceived General
Lee, who from it was under the impression that we were advancing on
Richmond in that direction. The 2d Corps followed the 5th Corps and
reached Wilson's Landing on the evening of the 13th, the other portions
of the army arriving at the James River on the morning of the 14th. Our
engineers immediately began to lay the pontoons, and by midnight they
were completed. The artillery and trains were the first to cross, the
infantry following, and on the morning of the 16th the whole army was
on the south side of the James River.
General Grant was severely criticised for this campaign of slaughter
from the Rapidan to the James Rivers, and it was believed and openly
declared that he could have brought his army intact to the south of the
James without the loss of a man ; but in doing so he would have exposed
Washington to possible seizure. By crossing the Rapidan to fight the
enemy wherever he found him, he adopted the hammering principle, for
which he had acquired renown. He knew well that the losses he inflicted
could not be repaired as easily as the terrible losses he sustained.
Grant could afford the loss of life, for he had unlimited resources to
draw upon; Lee could not, for
THE HAMMERING PRINCIPLE. 185
he had reached the summit and was going down the other side. Therefore
Grant's determination and apparent disregard of Human life. His purpose
was the one thing he kept in mind. It was this that astonished the
rebels. Some of them repeatedly affirmed that they had felt confident
of defeating our army; but this man, Grant, would not be defeated,
although he failed from the Rapidan down in gaining a single decisive
victory. It is well known that in after times Grant expressed his
regrets respecting the sad events at Cold Harbor, where in so short
time our army lost so heavily, as compared with that of the enemy.
Army Headquarters reached the James River on the 15th of June. It was a
pleasing sight to the whole army, after the Wilderness experiences, and
but lately marching through the swamps and marshes of the Chickahominy
region. It was really a treat, a transformation of things generally, to
see this river, with its steamboats and gunboats steaming up and down,
and the Stars and Stripes streaming above them. We crossed the river on
the 16th, at 8 A. M., and after making the landing we kept on marching
all day, and a trying tramp it was, under the burning rays of the sun,
but toward evening we reached the vicinity of City Point, where we
encamped and rested for the night.
End Part II.